planning:non-residential_passive_house_buildings:passive_house_schools:passive_house_schools_requirements
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planning:non-residential_passive_house_buildings:passive_house_schools:passive_house_schools_requirements [2014/11/14 15:34] – cweber | planning:non-residential_passive_house_buildings:passive_house_schools:passive_house_schools_requirements [2020/09/12 12:55] – wfeist | ||
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+ | ====== Passive House schools – Requirements ====== | ||
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+ | The criteria for building Passive House schools were developed by the [[http:// | ||
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+ | **1. Each modern school should have __controlled ventilation__ which meets the criteria for acceptable indoor air quality.**\\ | ||
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+ | This was shown in a contribution by Rainer Pfluger in the relevant Protocol Volume [[planning: | ||
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+ | [{{ : | ||
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+ | **2. In the interest of a justified investment or technical expenditure, | ||
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+ | With these reference values, the result is **a significant improvement in the air quality** in comparison with the values usually obtained in Germany, Austria and Switzerland today. Experience with the Passive Houses already built also shows that the designed values should not be reduced even further. | ||
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+ | If we go for even higher fresh air flows, what is desirable in case of infection risks, we will have to take care for keeping the indoor relative humidity above ~30%. An air humidifier will have to be used if external temperatures are low (lower than ~14°C). It is important in this case that the humidifier is kept clean all the time. | ||
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+ | In comparison with residential buildings and office buildings, the overall air flow rates and air change rates which have to be planned are considerably higher during use due to the increased number of persons present in schools. | ||
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+ | **3. In the interest of justifiable operational costs, the ventilation systems in schools must be operated periodically or according to demand. Preliminary purge phases or subsequent purging periods ensue before and after use for hygiene reasons. The easiest solution is to use __time control__.**\\ | ||
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+ | A direct result of the designed high air change rates is that the operating times of the ventilation system have to be restricted to the periods of use or the air quantities should at least be greatly reduced outside of these times, because otherwise there will be very high electricity consumption values even for efficient systems – this differs fundamentally from home ventilation in which the designed air quantities are near those required for basic ventilation needed on a permanent basis (with 0.25 h< | ||
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+ | In schools, for basic ventilation planned with 2 h< | ||
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+ | [{{ : | ||
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+ | As shown by experience, it should be ensured that the technology used is robust and simple and, if necessary, possible to operate manually (no “technological Christmas trees”). For intermittent operation of the ventilation system, it is important that all system parts, especially the filters, are "run dry" before switching off the air flows – this is achieved most easily by using the **recirculation mode after the period of use**.\\ | ||
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+ | **4. Passive House schools should be designed so that besides the usual heating using supply air, it is also possible to heat up the rooms to a comfortable level during the preliminary purge phase in the morning.** \\ | ||
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+ | In [[planning: | ||
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+ | Parametric studies with thermal simulation of school buildings show that under the given conditions the level of thermal protection complying with the “residential Passive House Standard” is within the range of optimum results. Nevertheless, | ||
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+ | **5. The criteria given above can be met if, under the boundary conditions of use, the building envelope and heat recovery are designed so that the __annual heating demand according to the PHPP is less than or equal to 15 kWh/(m²a) __(based on the total net useable area).**\\ | ||
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+ | A detailed analysis has confirmed the planning guidelines according to which some Passive House schools had already been planned and built. This was by no means self-evident, | ||
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+ | Nevertheless, | ||
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+ | [{{ : | ||
+ | [[examples: | ||
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+ | **6. Secondary conditions: | ||
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+ | The secondary condition a) only needs to be fulfilled if the window has neither a parapet (> 0.65 m) nor a source of heating under it. Nevertheless, | ||
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+ | **7. The __annual primary energy demand__ for all non-renewable energy supplied to the school building should be __less than or equal to 120 kWh/ | ||
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+ | In order to exclude inefficient supply systems, the primary energy criterion should also be met for Passive House schools. In doing so, it should be noted that according to the PHPP, not all renewable energy supplied across the boundary of the premises contribute to the primary energy consumption (i.e. including lighting and if applicable, electronic systems). | ||
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+ | [{{ : | ||
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+ | **8. In order to ensure comfort in summer in a Passive House school, __the frequency of temperatures over 25°C should be limited to less than 10% of the hours of use__.**\\ | ||
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+ | Due to the extremely high temporary internal loads in school buildings, particular attention should be paid to comfort in summer. Sufficient night-time ventilation during hot spells (ventilation systems with efficient summer bypass are suitable for this, but free ventilation is also possible) and effective shading of the glazing is indispensable. | ||
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+ | [{{ : | ||
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+ | **9. The total effective area-specific heat capacity of the space-enclosing components should be c< | ||
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+ | Simulations in [[planning: | ||
+ | The recommendation is met by the use of solid building components for the internal structures of the building, for example. In unfavourable climates it can also become necessary to take further measures for adequate summer comfort. Using air heaters for cooling by leading the coils through a ground cycle is a simple and efficient method for cooling Passive House schools. | ||
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+ | [{{ : | ||
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+ | ===== Literature ===== | ||
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+ | **[AkkP 17]** Dimensionierung von Lüftungsanlagen in Passivhäusern, | ||
+ | (**Dimensioning Ventilation Systems in Passive Houses**, Protocol Volume No. 17 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses Phase II, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt 1999)\\ | ||
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+ | **[AkkP 23]** Einfluss der Lüftungsstrategie auf die Schadstoffkonzentration und -ausbreitung im Raum, Protokollband Nr. 23 des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser Phase III, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt 2003.\\ | ||
+ | (**Influence of the ventilation strategy on pollutant concentration and distribution in rooms**, Protocol Volume No. 23 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses Phase III, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt 2003)\\ | ||
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+ | **[AkkP 25]** Temperaturdifferenzierung in der Wohnung, Protokollband Nr. 25 Arbeitskreis kostengünstige Passivhäuser; | ||
+ | (**Temperature differentiation in the home**, Protocol Volume No. 25 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses, Passive House Institute, | ||
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+ | **[AkkP 30]** Lüftung bei Bestandssanierung: | ||
+ | (**Ventilation in refurbishment of existing buildings**, | ||
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+ | **[AkkP 33]** Passivhaus-Schulen, | ||
+ | (**Passive House Schools**, Protocol Volume No. 33 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses Phase III, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt 2006)\\ | ||
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+ | **[Bretzke 2005]** Bretzke, A.: Planung und Bau der Passivhaus Grundschule Kalbacher Höhe 15, Frankfurt am Main, 2005: {{: | ||
+ | (**Planning and construction of the Passive House primary school in Kalbacher Höhe 15**, Frankfurt am Main, 2005)\\ | ||
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+ | **[Peper 2007]** Søren Peper, Oliver Kah, Rainer Pfluger, Jürgen Schnieders: Passivhausschule Frankfurt Riedberg Messtechnische Untersuchung und Analyse, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, 2007. [[http:// | ||
+ | (**Passive House School in Frankfurt Riedberg – Metrological Survey and Analysis**, 1st edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt 2007)\\ | ||
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+ | **[PHPP 2007]** Feist, W.; Pfluger, R.; Kaufmann, B.; Schnieders, J.; Kah, O.: Passivhaus Projektierungs Paket 2007, Passivhaus Institut Darmstadt, 2007.\\ | ||
+ | (**Passive House Planning Package 2007**, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt 2007), see page [[Planning: | ||
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+ | ====== See also ====== | ||
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+ | [[examples: | ||
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+ | More built Passive House schools can be found on www.passivehouse-database.org | ||
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+ | [[planning: | ||
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+ | [[planning: | ||
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planning/non-residential_passive_house_buildings/passive_house_schools/passive_house_schools_requirements.txt · Last modified: 2021/10/08 13:42 by yaling.hsiao@passiv.de