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--- operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2025/01/06 17:50] – jgrovesmith
+++ operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2025/01/06 17:54] (current) – jgrovesmith
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 With all building standards there are significant differences in consumption due to user behaviour, even in the case of identically constructed buildings. The consumption must therefore always be measured for a sufficiently large number of identically constructed homes so that utilisation-dependent influences can be averaged out, thereby enabling a comparison of the building quality. __//Fig. 1//__ provides an overview of measurement results from 41 low energy houses and a total of 106 Passive House homes in Germany. A number of insights can be gained from these measurement results.
-[{{ :picopen:vgl_phpp_verbrauchsmessung_big_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 1.** Overview of consumption measurements. This diagram summarises the measured heat consumptions from four housing estates, a low-energy settlement (left) and three Passive House settlements.//}}]
+[{{:picopen:vgl_phpp_verbrauchsmessung_big_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 1.** Overview of consumption measurements. This diagram summarises the measured heat consumptions from four housing estates, a low-energy settlement (left) and three Passive House settlements.//}}]
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 {{:picopen:neh_niedernhausen.jpg?150 }}
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 The average value for all homes measured is **65.6 kWh/(m²a)**. (Here and subsequently, the living area is used as the reference value for the consumption, as is usually done for heating cost invoices).
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+[{{:picopen:statistik_niedernhausen_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 2:** Consumption statistics for a low energy settlement with 41 houses in Niedernhausen (Germany) which was first inhabited in 1992. The average consumption of 65.6 kWh/(m²a) correlates with the calculated demand of 68 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP] within the achievable accuracy. The curve added in the diagram is the respective normal distribution. The consumption measurements were carried out by T. Loga and M. Großklos.// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Loga 1997] ]] }}]
-[{{ :picopen:statistik_niedernhausen_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 2:** Consumption statistics for a low energy settlement with 41 houses in Niedernhausen (Germany) which was first inhabited in 1992. The average consumption of 65.6 kWh/(m²a) correlates with the calculated demand of 68 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP] within the achievable accuracy. The curve added in the diagram is the respective normal distribution. The consumption measurements were carried out by T. Loga and M. Großklos.// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Loga 1997] ]] }}]
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 {{:picopen:wiesbaden_dotzheim.jpg?150 |}} This was the first Passive House settlement project in Germany (built in 1997, by Rasch & Partner) and consists of 22 houses.
 __//Fig. 3//__ documents the heat meter readings of the 1998/99 winter season. The average value was determined as **13.4 kWh/(m²a)**. This means that the average consumption of the Passive House settlement is 80% lower than that of the low energy settlement in Niedernhausen.\\
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+[{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_wiesbaden_engl-.png?500|//**Fig. 3:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden (Germany). The settlement with 22 Passive Houses was built in 1997. The average consumption of 13.4 kWh/(m²a) correlates extremely well with the previously calculated demand of 13 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP]. Measurements Wiesbaden-Dotzheim:// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature |[Ebel 2003] ; [Feist/Loga/Großklos 2000] ]].}}]
-[{{ :picopen:statistik_passivhaus_wiesbaden_engl-.png?500 |//**Fig. 3:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden (Germany). The settlement with 22 Passive Houses was built in 1997. The average consumption of 13.4 kWh/(m²a) correlates extremely well with the previously calculated demand of 13 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP]. Measurements Wiesbaden-Dotzheim:// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature |[Ebel 2003] ; [Feist/Loga/Großklos 2000] ]].}}]
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 The standard deviation of the individual values of the Wiesbaden settlement is ±5.3 kWh/(m²a) and is much lower than that of the low energy settlement. However, relative to the much smaller average consumption, the effect of user behaviour is more noticeable. The determined average value is statistically accurate to ±1.1 kWh/(m²a). The energy savings due to the Passive House Standard are therefore statistically reliable. These are:\\
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 {{:picopen:kronsberg.jpg?150 |}} The Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg consists of 32 essentially identical terraced houses built as mixed constructions according to the Passive House Standard. The settlement was built in 1998/99; all units were designed individually. These were part of the Europe-wide CEPHEUS project. __//Fig. 4//__ documents the heat meter readings in the heating season of 2001/2002. The average value is **12.8 kWh/(m²a)**. The consumption in this Passive House development is therefore about 81% less than that of the low-energy development in Niedernhausen ([[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Peper/Feist 2002] ]]).\\
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-[{{ :picopen:statistik_passivhaus_kronsberg_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 4:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg (Germany): the settlement with 32 Passive Houses was first inhabited in 1999. The average consumption in the third year of operation (2001/2002) was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]
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+[{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_kronsberg_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 4:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg (Germany): the settlement with 32 Passive Houses was first inhabited in 1999. The average consumption in the third year of operation (2001/2002) was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]
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 {{{{:picopen:stuttgart_feuerbach.jpg?150 |}} The Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach with a total of 52 terraced and detached houses was finished in the year 2000 by the architectural practice Rudolf. //__Fig. 5__// documents the consumption values of the 2001/2002 heating season. The average consumption value is **12.8 kWh/(m²a)** [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Reiß/Erhorn 2003] ]]. In this housing development there are a few outliers that are clearly identifiable as such.\\
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-[{{ :picopen:statistik_passivhaus_feuerbach_engl.png?500 | //**Fig. 5:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach (Germany). The settlement with 52 Passive Houses was completed in 2000 (architectural practice Rudolf). The average consumption was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]
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+[{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_feuerbach_engl.png?500| //**Fig. 5:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach (Germany). The settlement with 52 Passive Houses was completed in 2000 (architectural practice Rudolf). The average consumption was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]
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 Regarding the values calculated according to the PHPP, it must also be noted that the calculations were performed and published during planning and before the construction of the relevant buildings. These are not calculation processes with subsequent "adjustment". Based on the construction projects monitored by the authors in actual practice, the reasons why there are often great differences between the calculations (expected results) and measurements (actual results) in many constructions projects without quality assurance mainly lie in the fact that characteristic values for components and technical systems are too optimistic, or the calculation approaches are incomplete (e.g. approaches for shading are inadequate or internal heat gains are set too high), or commissioning of construction work deviates from the original planning (e.g. because lack of thermal separation in the case of windows is still accepted as being equivalent).
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-[{{ picopen:vgl_niedern_wi_h_s_passivhaus_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 6:** This diagram summarises the comparison of the consumption measurements of the reference settlement (left, 65 kWh/(m²a)) and the three Passive House developments (about 13 kWh/(m²a) in each case). The consumption in the Passive Houses based on these measured values is about 80% less than in the low energy homes of an already good standard. All average values are in quite good agreement with the values previously calculated using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)//.}}]
+[{{picopen:vgl_niedern_wi_h_s_passivhaus_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 6:** This diagram summarises the comparison of the consumption measurements of the reference settlement (left, 65 kWh/(m²a)) and the three Passive House developments (about 13 kWh/(m²a) in each case). The consumption in the Passive Houses based on these measured values is about 80% less than in the low energy homes of an already good standard. All average values are in quite good agreement with the values previously calculated using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)//.}}]
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