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operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2022/09/16 12:30] – [Literature] Johntson 2020 ergänzt wfeistoperation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2025/01/06 17:54] (current) – jgrovesmith
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 ====== Energy efficiency of the Passive House Standard: Expectations confirmed by measurements in practice ====== ====== Energy efficiency of the Passive House Standard: Expectations confirmed by measurements in practice ======
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-{{ :picopen:photo_of_houses.png? 500 |}}+{{:picopen:photo_of_houses.png? 500|}}\\
  
-===== 1. Measurements results for the Passive House Standard =====+\\ 
 +===== 1. Measurements results for the Passive House Standard =====
  
 **Long-term experiences and statistically verified measurement results** for actual consumption values are available for Passive House buildings. The reliability of the Passive House concept can be judged from these results.  **Long-term experiences and statistically verified measurement results** for actual consumption values are available for Passive House buildings. The reliability of the Passive House concept can be judged from these results. 
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-With all building standards there are significant differences in consumption due to user behaviour, even in the case of identically constructed buildings. The consumption must therefore always be measured for a sufficiently large number of identically constructed homes so that utilisation-dependent influences can be averaged out, thereby enabling a comparison of the building quality. __//Fig. 1//__ provides an overview of measurement results from 41 low energy houses and a total of 106 Passive House homes in Germany. A number of insights can be gained from these measurement results.\\ +With all building standards there are significant differences in consumption due to user behaviour, even in the case of identically constructed buildings. The consumption must therefore always be measured for a sufficiently large number of identically constructed homes so that utilisation-dependent influences can be averaged out, thereby enabling a comparison of the building quality. __//Fig. 1//__ provides an overview of measurement results from 41 low energy houses and a total of 106 Passive House homes in Germany. A number of insights can be gained from these measurement results. 
-[{{ :picopen:vgl_phpp_verbrauchsmessung_big_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 1.** Overview of consumption measurements. This diagram summarises the measured heat consumptions from four housing estates, a low-energy settlement (left) and three Passive House settlements.//}}]+ 
 +[{{:picopen:vgl_phpp_verbrauchsmessung_big_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 1.** Overview of consumption measurements. This diagram summarises the measured heat consumptions from four housing estates, a low-energy settlement (left) and three Passive House settlements.//}}]
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 {{:picopen:neh_niedernhausen.jpg?150 }}  {{:picopen:neh_niedernhausen.jpg?150 }} 
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 The average value for all homes measured is **65.6 kWh/(m²a)**. (Here and subsequently, the living area is used as the reference value for the consumption, as is usually done for heating cost invoices).  The average value for all homes measured is **65.6 kWh/(m²a)**. (Here and subsequently, the living area is used as the reference value for the consumption, as is usually done for heating cost invoices). 
  
- +\\ 
- +[{{:picopen:statistik_niedernhausen_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 2:** Consumption statistics for a low energy settlement with 41 houses in Niedernhausen (Germany) which was first inhabited in 1992. The average consumption of 65.6 kWh/(m²a) correlates with the calculated demand of 68 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP] within the achievable accuracy. The curve added in the diagram is the respective normal distribution. The consumption measurements were carried out by T. Loga and M. Großklos.// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Loga 1997] ]] }}]
-[{{ :picopen:statistik_niedernhausen_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 2:** Consumption statistics for a low energy settlement with 41 houses in Niedernhausen (Germany) which was first inhabited in 1992. The average consumption of 65.6 kWh/(m²a) correlates with the calculated demand of 68 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP] within the achievable accuracy. The curve added in the diagram is the respective normal distribution. The consumption measurements were carried out by T. Loga and M. Großklos.// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Loga 1997] ]] }}]+
  
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-=====1.1. Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden/Dotzheim =====+==== 1.1. Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden/Dotzheim ====
  
 {{:picopen:wiesbaden_dotzheim.jpg?150 |}} This was the first Passive House settlement project in Germany (built in 1997, by Rasch & Partner) and consists of 22 houses.  {{:picopen:wiesbaden_dotzheim.jpg?150 |}} This was the first Passive House settlement project in Germany (built in 1997, by Rasch & Partner) and consists of 22 houses. 
 __//Fig. 3//__ documents the heat meter readings of the 1998/99 winter season. The average value was determined as **13.4 kWh/(m²a)**. This means that the average consumption of the Passive House settlement is 80% lower than that of the low energy settlement in Niedernhausen.\\ __//Fig. 3//__ documents the heat meter readings of the 1998/99 winter season. The average value was determined as **13.4 kWh/(m²a)**. This means that the average consumption of the Passive House settlement is 80% lower than that of the low energy settlement in Niedernhausen.\\
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- +\\  
-[{{ :picopen:statistik_passivhaus_wiesbaden_engl-.png?500 |//**Fig. 3:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden (Germany). The settlement with 22 Passive Houses was built in 1997. The average consumption of 13.4 kWh/(m²a) correlates extremely well with the previously calculated demand of 13 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP]. Measurements Wiesbaden-Dotzheim:// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature |[Ebel 2003] ; [Feist/Loga/Großklos 2000] ]].}}]  +\\ 
 +[{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_wiesbaden_engl-.png?500|//**Fig. 3:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden (Germany). The settlement with 22 Passive Houses was built in 1997. The average consumption of 13.4 kWh/(m²a) correlates extremely well with the previously calculated demand of 13 kWh/(m²a) [PHPP]. Measurements Wiesbaden-Dotzheim:// [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature |[Ebel 2003] ; [Feist/Loga/Großklos 2000] ]].}}]  
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 The standard deviation of the individual values of the Wiesbaden settlement is ±5.3 kWh/(m²a) and is much lower than that of the low energy settlement. However, relative to the much smaller average consumption, the effect of user behaviour is more noticeable. The determined average value is statistically accurate to ±1.1 kWh/(m²a). The energy savings due to the Passive House Standard are therefore statistically reliable. These are:\\ The standard deviation of the individual values of the Wiesbaden settlement is ±5.3 kWh/(m²a) and is much lower than that of the low energy settlement. However, relative to the much smaller average consumption, the effect of user behaviour is more noticeable. The determined average value is statistically accurate to ±1.1 kWh/(m²a). The energy savings due to the Passive House Standard are therefore statistically reliable. These are:\\
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-===== 1.2. Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg =====+==== 1.2. Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg ====
  
 {{:picopen:kronsberg.jpg?150 |}} The Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg consists of 32 essentially identical terraced houses built as mixed constructions according to the Passive House Standard. The settlement was built in 1998/99; all units were designed individually. These were part of the Europe-wide CEPHEUS project. __//Fig. 4//__ documents the heat meter readings in the heating season of 2001/2002. The average value is **12.8 kWh/(m²a)**. The consumption in this Passive House development is therefore about 81% less than that of the low-energy development in Niedernhausen ([[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Peper/Feist 2002] ]]).\\ {{:picopen:kronsberg.jpg?150 |}} The Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg consists of 32 essentially identical terraced houses built as mixed constructions according to the Passive House Standard. The settlement was built in 1998/99; all units were designed individually. These were part of the Europe-wide CEPHEUS project. __//Fig. 4//__ documents the heat meter readings in the heating season of 2001/2002. The average value is **12.8 kWh/(m²a)**. The consumption in this Passive House development is therefore about 81% less than that of the low-energy development in Niedernhausen ([[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Peper/Feist 2002] ]]).\\
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-[{{ :picopen:statistik_passivhaus_kronsberg_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 4:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg (Germany): the settlement with 32 Passive Houses was first inhabited in 1999. The average consumption in the third year of operation (2001/2002) was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]+\\ 
 +\\ 
 +[{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_kronsberg_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 4:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House settlement in Hanover/Kronsberg (Germany): the settlement with 32 Passive Houses was first inhabited in 1999. The average consumption in the third year of operation (2001/2002) was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]
  
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-=====  1.3. Passive House settlement in Stuttgart/Feuerbach =====+====  1.3. Passive House settlement in Stuttgart/Feuerbach ====
  
 {{{{:picopen:stuttgart_feuerbach.jpg?150 |}} The Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach with a total of 52 terraced and detached houses was finished in the year 2000 by the architectural practice Rudolf. //__Fig. 5__// documents the consumption values of the 2001/2002 heating season. The average consumption value is **12.8 kWh/(m²a)** [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Reiß/Erhorn 2003] ]]. In this housing development there are a few outliers that are clearly identifiable as such.\\ {{{{:picopen:stuttgart_feuerbach.jpg?150 |}} The Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach with a total of 52 terraced and detached houses was finished in the year 2000 by the architectural practice Rudolf. //__Fig. 5__// documents the consumption values of the 2001/2002 heating season. The average consumption value is **12.8 kWh/(m²a)** [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature|[Reiß/Erhorn 2003] ]]. In this housing development there are a few outliers that are clearly identifiable as such.\\
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-[{{ :picopen:statistik_passivhaus_feuerbach_engl.png?500 | //**Fig. 5:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach (Germany). The settlement with 52 Passive Houses was completed in 2000 (architectural practice Rudolf). The average consumption was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]+\\ 
 +\\ 
 +[{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_feuerbach_engl.png?500| //**Fig. 5:** Consumption statistics for the Passive House development in Stuttgart/Feuerbach (Germany). The settlement with 52 Passive Houses was completed in 2000 (architectural practice Rudolf). The average consumption was 12.8 kWh/(m²a). The calculated demand according to [PHPP] was 13.5 kWh/(m²a).//}}]
  
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-===== 1.4. Conclusion regarding Passive House settlements=====+==== 1.4. Conclusion regarding Passive House settlements====
 The comparison of the measured results for the four housing settlements in the overview __//(Fig. 6)//__ clearly shows the huge difference in the heating consumption values of the low-energy houses and the Passive Houses. The good correlation of the PHPP calculations with the average value of the consumptions is apparent here. The comparison of the measured results for the four housing settlements in the overview __//(Fig. 6)//__ clearly shows the huge difference in the heating consumption values of the low-energy houses and the Passive Houses. The good correlation of the PHPP calculations with the average value of the consumptions is apparent here.
  
 Regarding the values calculated according to the PHPP, it must also be noted that the calculations were performed and published during planning and before the construction of the relevant buildings. These are not calculation processes with subsequent "adjustment". Based on the construction projects monitored by the authors in actual practice, the reasons why there are often great differences between the calculations (expected results) and measurements (actual results) in many constructions projects without quality assurance mainly lie in the fact that characteristic values for components and technical systems are too optimistic, or the calculation approaches are incomplete (e.g. approaches for shading are inadequate or internal heat gains are set too high), or commissioning of construction work deviates from the original planning (e.g. because lack of thermal separation in the case of windows is still accepted as being equivalent). Regarding the values calculated according to the PHPP, it must also be noted that the calculations were performed and published during planning and before the construction of the relevant buildings. These are not calculation processes with subsequent "adjustment". Based on the construction projects monitored by the authors in actual practice, the reasons why there are often great differences between the calculations (expected results) and measurements (actual results) in many constructions projects without quality assurance mainly lie in the fact that characteristic values for components and technical systems are too optimistic, or the calculation approaches are incomplete (e.g. approaches for shading are inadequate or internal heat gains are set too high), or commissioning of construction work deviates from the original planning (e.g. because lack of thermal separation in the case of windows is still accepted as being equivalent).
- +\\ 
-[{{ picopen:vgl_niedern_wi_h_s_passivhaus_engl.png?500 |//**Fig. 6:** This diagram summarises the comparison of the consumption measurements of the reference settlement (left, 65 kWh/(m²a)) and the three Passive House developments (about 13 kWh/(m²a) in each case). The consumption in the Passive Houses based on these measured values is about 80% less than in the low energy homes of an already good standard. All average values are in quite good agreement with the values previously calculated using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)//.}}]+[{{picopen:vgl_niedern_wi_h_s_passivhaus_engl.png?500|//**Fig. 6:** This diagram summarises the comparison of the consumption measurements of the reference settlement (left, 65 kWh/(m²a)) and the three Passive House developments (about 13 kWh/(m²a) in each case). The consumption in the Passive Houses based on these measured values is about 80% less than in the low energy homes of an already good standard. All average values are in quite good agreement with the values previously calculated using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)//.}}]
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 Further empirical studies in other areas of the world have independently confirmed the results documented here:  Further empirical studies in other areas of the world have independently confirmed the results documented here: 
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-===== 2.1. Passive House Grempstrasse, Frankfurt a.M.=====+==== 2.1. Passive House Grempstrasse, Frankfurt a.M.====
 {{:picopen:grempstrasse.jpg?300 |}} {{:picopen:grempstrasse.jpg?300 |}}
  
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-===== 2.2. Passive House residential complexes in Vienna =====+==== 2.2. Passive House residential complexes in Vienna ====
 A study by Treberspurg et al. in the Conference Proceedings of the 14th International Passive House Conference analysed the measured space heating consumption of six Passive House residential complexes in Vienna; the average heat consumption here was less than 10 kWh/(m²a). A study by Treberspurg et al. in the Conference Proceedings of the 14th International Passive House Conference analysed the measured space heating consumption of six Passive House residential complexes in Vienna; the average heat consumption here was less than 10 kWh/(m²a).
    
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 The reference buildings (low energy houses) have significantly higher consumption values; over 72 % heating energy was saved in comparison. A study of the costs charged for the buildings simultaneously shows that the Passive House buildings in Vienna were not more expensive to build than the low energy houses. The compactness of the buildings has a significant effect on the construction costs.  The reference buildings (low energy houses) have significantly higher consumption values; over 72 % heating energy was saved in comparison. A study of the costs charged for the buildings simultaneously shows that the Passive House buildings in Vienna were not more expensive to build than the low energy houses. The compactness of the buildings has a significant effect on the construction costs. 
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- 
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-===== 2.3. Passive House settlement "Lodenareal" in Innsbruck=====+==== 2.3. Passive House settlement "Lodenareal" in Innsbruck====
  
 {{:picopen:lodenareal.jpg?200 |}} {{:picopen:lodenareal.jpg?200 |}}
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-===== 2.4. Low-energy house projects in the UK =====+==== 2.4. Low-energy house projects in the UK ====
  
-Performance tests of the building envelope were carried out for 25 different buildings. The heat loss per Kelvin temperature difference was determined for the entire building (co-heating test). The measurement by Johnston et al. included 22 low-energy projects and three Passive House buildings [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Johnston 2014] ]]. The latter had the best results by far and there was almost no difference between the predicted and measured values. +Performance tests of the building envelope were carried out for 25 different buildings. The heat loss per Kelvin temperature difference was determined for the entire building (co-heating test). The measurement by Johnston et al. included 22 low-energy projects and three Passive House buildings [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Johnston 2014] ]]. The latter had the best results by far and there was almost no difference between the predicted and measured values. In a 2020 publication Johntson et.al. included even more of the monitored examples from the UK and also in Europe [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Johnston 2020] ]].
  
-[{{ :picopen:uk_perform_2014_johnston_eng.png?553 | //**Fig. 11:** The results of the Performance Tests carried out for 25 highly efficient new builds in England [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature| [Johnston 2014] ]]. The three Passive House projects scored best by far and in every respect: there was almost no difference between the predicted and the measured specific heat loss, they exhibited a loss coefficient lower by a factor of two compared with the next best projects and they saved almost 75% of the heating losses compared with the average losses.//}}]+[{{ :picopen:uk_perform_2014_johnston_eng.png?553 | //**Fig. 11:** The results of the Performance Tests carried out for 25 highly efficient new builds in England [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature| [Johnston 2014] ]]. The three Passive House projects scored best by far and in every respect: there was almost no difference between the predicted and the measured specific heat loss, they exhibited a loss coefficient lower by a factor of two compared with the next best projects and they saved almost 75% of the heating losses compared with the average losses.//}}] 
  
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-===== 2.5. Passive House district Bahnstadt in Heidelberg =====+==== 2.5. Passive House district Bahnstadt in Heidelberg ====
  
 Monitoring was carried out for residential buildings in the world's largest Passive House district in Heidelberg (Germany) known as Bahnstadt. The buildings in this settlement were studied using a simplified procedure for measuring heating consumption values (minimal monitoring). The average annual consumption of 1260 homes with a total living area of over 75 000 m² in the year 2014 was **14.9 kWh/(m²a)**. The amount saved in comparison with the reference settlement was 77%. This statistically high number of residential buildings built by different property developers and architects convincingly demonstrated that successful implementation on a broad scale is possible [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper 2015] ]]. (Note: these measurements were carried out in the first year of operation, in which disruptions in the operation process often occur (e.g. change of tenants, adjustment), as experience has shown. Even so, the Passive House buildings were already functioning faultlessly). Monitoring was carried out for residential buildings in the world's largest Passive House district in Heidelberg (Germany) known as Bahnstadt. The buildings in this settlement were studied using a simplified procedure for measuring heating consumption values (minimal monitoring). The average annual consumption of 1260 homes with a total living area of over 75 000 m² in the year 2014 was **14.9 kWh/(m²a)**. The amount saved in comparison with the reference settlement was 77%. This statistically high number of residential buildings built by different property developers and architects convincingly demonstrated that successful implementation on a broad scale is possible [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper 2015] ]]. (Note: these measurements were carried out in the first year of operation, in which disruptions in the operation process often occur (e.g. change of tenants, adjustment), as experience has shown. Even so, the Passive House buildings were already functioning faultlessly).
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-===== 2.6. Semi-detached Passive Houses in Nuremberg-Wetzendorf =====+==== 2.6. Semi-detached Passive Houses in Nuremberg-Wetzendorf ====
 {{:picopen:nuremberg.jpg?200 |}} {{:picopen:nuremberg.jpg?200 |}}
  
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-===== 2.7. Passive House residential building "BuildTog" in Bremen-Findorff =====+==== 2.7. Passive House residential building "BuildTog" in Bremen-Findorff ====
 Completed and inhabited in 2017, the Passive House “BuildTog” in Bremen-Findorff of GEWOBA Bremen has 16 rental apartments with a heated living area of 1,478 m². The solid construction building was planned by the architectural office “Planungsgruppe DREI” from Mühltal near Darmstadt. The building services were planned by “Ingenieurbüro Lachnit” from Roßdorf near Darmstadt. The building is supplied by district heating (heating and hot water), and all apartments are connected by a central ventilation system in the basement. Completed and inhabited in 2017, the Passive House “BuildTog” in Bremen-Findorff of GEWOBA Bremen has 16 rental apartments with a heated living area of 1,478 m². The solid construction building was planned by the architectural office “Planungsgruppe DREI” from Mühltal near Darmstadt. The building services were planned by “Ingenieurbüro Lachnit” from Roßdorf near Darmstadt. The building is supplied by district heating (heating and hot water), and all apartments are connected by a central ventilation system in the basement.
  
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-===== 3.1. Refurbishment project Tevesstrasse, Frankfurt a.M.=====+==== 3.1. Refurbishment project Tevesstrasse, Frankfurt a.M.====
  
 Refurbishment using Passive House components of two typical post-war residential apartment blocks with two apartments per floor was completed in 2006 in Frankfurt. The company factor 10 from Darmstadt was commissioned by the AGB Frankfurt Holding for a low-cost retrofit. Heat is supplied solely via supply air using supplementary air heating; small radiators are installed only in the bathrooms. This resulted in 53 modern apartments of a quality equivalent to the Passive House Standard for new constructions. The buildings were studied in great detail during monitoring carried out over several years [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper/Grove-Smith/Feist 2009] ]]. 95 % heating energy was saved compared with the heating demand calculated before the refurbishment. With the measured consumption value of just 15.7 kWh/(m²a) or just 11.2 kWh/(m²a) adjusted for an indoor temperature of 20°C, a quality equivalent to the Passive House Standard for new constructions could even be achieved.  Refurbishment using Passive House components of two typical post-war residential apartment blocks with two apartments per floor was completed in 2006 in Frankfurt. The company factor 10 from Darmstadt was commissioned by the AGB Frankfurt Holding for a low-cost retrofit. Heat is supplied solely via supply air using supplementary air heating; small radiators are installed only in the bathrooms. This resulted in 53 modern apartments of a quality equivalent to the Passive House Standard for new constructions. The buildings were studied in great detail during monitoring carried out over several years [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper/Grove-Smith/Feist 2009] ]]. 95 % heating energy was saved compared with the heating demand calculated before the refurbishment. With the measured consumption value of just 15.7 kWh/(m²a) or just 11.2 kWh/(m²a) adjusted for an indoor temperature of 20°C, a quality equivalent to the Passive House Standard for new constructions could even be achieved. 
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-===== 3.2. Refurbishment project Hoheloogstr Ludwigshafen a.R.=====+==== 3.2. Refurbishment project Hoheloogstr Ludwigshafen a.R.====
  
 Around the same time as the project in Frankfurt, a complete refurbishment with Passive House components was also carried out in Ludwigshafen a.R. An apartment block (construction year 1965) with 12 apartments and a total living area of 750 m² was modernised by the housing company GAG Ludwigshafen. The building owners chose the designation 'PHiB' (refurbishment to Passive House) for this. A heating demand of 16.4 kWh/(m²a) was measured during the monitoring of the building in the measurement period 2007/2008 [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper/Feist 2008] ]]. The PHPP calculation prepared during the planning period resulted in a heating demand of 16.2 kWh/(m²a) for normal usage (20°C; standard climate Mannheim). Thus there was no significant deviation from the planned results for this building.  Around the same time as the project in Frankfurt, a complete refurbishment with Passive House components was also carried out in Ludwigshafen a.R. An apartment block (construction year 1965) with 12 apartments and a total living area of 750 m² was modernised by the housing company GAG Ludwigshafen. The building owners chose the designation 'PHiB' (refurbishment to Passive House) for this. A heating demand of 16.4 kWh/(m²a) was measured during the monitoring of the building in the measurement period 2007/2008 [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper/Feist 2008] ]]. The PHPP calculation prepared during the planning period resulted in a heating demand of 16.2 kWh/(m²a) for normal usage (20°C; standard climate Mannheim). Thus there was no significant deviation from the planned results for this building. 
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-===== 3.3. Refurbishment project Nuremberg =====+==== 3.3. Refurbishment project Nuremberg ====
    
 Starting in the year 2000, four different projects relating to refurbishment with Passive House components were realised in Nuremberg by the architect Burkhard Schulze Darup on behalf of the housing association wbg Nürnberg GmbH Immobilienunternehmen. The four projects (Jean-Paul-Platz, Ingolstädter Strasse, Bernadottestrasse, Kollwitzstrasse) comprise between 6 and 48 refurbishments, with 102 apartments in total. In some cases, storeys were added to the buildings which were of a quality equivalent to new Passive House constructions.  Starting in the year 2000, four different projects relating to refurbishment with Passive House components were realised in Nuremberg by the architect Burkhard Schulze Darup on behalf of the housing association wbg Nürnberg GmbH Immobilienunternehmen. The four projects (Jean-Paul-Platz, Ingolstädter Strasse, Bernadottestrasse, Kollwitzstrasse) comprise between 6 and 48 refurbishments, with 102 apartments in total. In some cases, storeys were added to the buildings which were of a quality equivalent to new Passive House constructions. 
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 **[Johnston 2014]** D. Johnston, D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat & D. Miles-Shenton (2014): “Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap”, Building Research & Information, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2014.979093; link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.979093 **[Johnston 2014]** D. Johnston, D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat & D. Miles-Shenton (2014): “Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap”, Building Research & Information, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2014.979093; link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.979093
  
-[Johnston 2020] David Johnston, Mark Siddall, Oliver Ottinger, Soeren Peper und Wolfgang Feist: **Are the energy savings of the passive house standard reliable? A review of the as-built thermal and space heating performance of passive house dwellings from 1990 to 2018**; Energy Efficiency (2020) 13:1605–1631; [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09855-7|]] \\ +**[Johnston 2020]** David Johnston, Mark Siddall, Oliver Ottinger, Soeren Peper und Wolfgang Feist: **Are the energy savings of the passive house standard reliable? A review of the as-built thermal and space heating performance of passive house dwellings from 1990 to 2018**; Energy Efficiency (2020) 13:1605–1631; [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09855-7|]] \\ 
  
 **[Krellner 2015]** Krellner, Marcus: Jährliche Ablesewerte der Wärmezähler der vier Doppel-haushälften in Nürnberg-Wetzendorf (German only; Annual heat meter readings of four semi-detached houses in Nuremberg-Wetzdorf). Private supply data, July 2015  **[Krellner 2015]** Krellner, Marcus: Jährliche Ablesewerte der Wärmezähler der vier Doppel-haushälften in Nürnberg-Wetzendorf (German only; Annual heat meter readings of four semi-detached houses in Nuremberg-Wetzdorf). Private supply data, July 2015 
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 **[Wagner 2008]** Wagner, Waldemar: Große Wohnanlagen in Passivhausqualität (Large Passive House residential complexes). In: Magazine EE, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energien, Nr. 2, 2008 Gleisdorf **[Wagner 2008]** Wagner, Waldemar: Große Wohnanlagen in Passivhausqualität (Large Passive House residential complexes). In: Magazine EE, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energien, Nr. 2, 2008 Gleisdorf
  
 +
 +----
 +
 +====== See Also ======
 +
 +[[:examples]]
operation/operation_and_experience/measurement_results/energy_use_measurement_results.1663324208.txt.gz · Last modified: by wfeist