operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results
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operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2015/09/17 11:47] – [Passive House settlement in Stuttgart/Feuerbach] efincke | operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2022/09/16 12:37] – [Literature] wfeist | ||
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- | ====== Energy | + | ====== Energy |
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- | The heat requirement of a building is mathematically determined – the actual consumption depends on many other influences, e.g. user behaviour and the weather. | + | ===== 1. Measurements results for the Passive House Standard ===== |
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+ | **Long-term experiences and statistically | ||
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- | With all building standards there are significant differences in consumption due to user behaviour, even in the case of identically constructed buildings. The consumption must therefore always be measured for a sufficiently large number of identically constructed homes so that utilisation-dependent influences can be averaged out, thereby enabling a comparison of the building quality. __**Fig. 1**__ provides an overview of measurement results from 41 low energy houses and a total of 106 Passive House homes in Germany. A number of insights can be gained from these measurement results.\\ | ||
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- | ===== Low-energy housing development ===== | ||
- | {{: | + | With all building standards there are significant differences in consumption due to user behaviour, even in the case of identically constructed buildings. The consumption must therefore always be measured for a sufficiently large number of identically constructed homes so that utilisation-dependent influences can be averaged out, thereby enabling a comparison |
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- | [{{: | + | The low energy settlement in Niedernhausen with 41 terraced houses is used as a reference for comparison purposes. The individual values of the heat meter readings for the year 1994 are shown in __//Fig. 2//__ (measurement: |
+ | The average value for all homes measured is **65.6 kWh/ | ||
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- | This average value is considerably lower than the average heat consumption in existing housing stock in Germany. If a space heating value of 112 kWh/(m²a) is used as the current (2013) reference value for Germany, corresponding to the average heating consumption in apartment buildings that are invoiced according to consumption [techem 2014] , then the consumption in 1997 in the low-energy settlement is at least **41.5 % less than today' | + | This average value is considerably lower than the average heat consumption in existing housing stock in Germany. If a space heating value of 112 kWh/(m²a) is used as the current (2013) reference value for Germany, corresponding to the average heating consumption in apartment buildings that are invoiced according to consumption |
- | __**Fig. 2**__ also shows that the individual values are scattered around the average value depending on utilisation. The influence of user behaviour on the consumption is even quite high. However, this is the case not only in energy saving houses but also in poorly insulated buildings. The standard deviation (a measure of the mean deviation of the individual values from the average value) for this settlement is 13.6 kWh/(m²a) or 21% of the average consumption value. | + | __//Fig. 2//__ also shows that the individual values are scattered around the average value depending on utilisation. The influence of user behaviour on the consumption is even quite high. However, this is the case not only in energy saving houses but also in poorly insulated buildings. The standard deviation (a measure of the mean deviation of the individual values from the average value) for this settlement is 13.6 kWh/(m²a) or 21% of the average consumption value. |
The deviations due to user behaviour average out to a great extent if an average value is used, even more so for a large number of identically constructed units. The average consumption value for this housing development is statistically accurate to ±2 kWh/(m²a). It is therefore statistically secured that the low-energy standard leads to **significant energy savings (41.5% ± 1.8%)** compared with the current building stock.\\ | The deviations due to user behaviour average out to a great extent if an average value is used, even more so for a large number of identically constructed units. The average consumption value for this housing development is statistically accurate to ±2 kWh/(m²a). It is therefore statistically secured that the low-energy standard leads to **significant energy savings (41.5% ± 1.8%)** compared with the current building stock.\\ | ||
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- | ===== Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden/ | ||
- | {{:picopen:passivhaus_siedlung_wi.jpg?100 }} This was the first Passive House settlement project in Germany (built in 1997, by Rasch & Partner) and consists of 22 houses. __**Fig. 3**__ documents the heat meter readings of the 1998/99 winter season. The average value was determined as **13.4 kWh/ | + | =====1.1. Passive House settlement in Wiesbaden/ |
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+ | {{:picopen:wiesbaden_dotzheim.jpg?150 |}} This was the first Passive House settlement project in Germany (built in 1997, by Rasch & Partner) and consists of 22 houses. | ||
+ | __//Fig. 3//__ documents the heat meter readings of the 1998/99 winter season. The average value was determined as **13.4 kWh/ | ||
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The standard deviation of the individual values of the Wiesbaden settlement is ±5.3 kWh/(m²a) and is much lower than that of the low energy settlement. However, relative to the much smaller average consumption, | The standard deviation of the individual values of the Wiesbaden settlement is ±5.3 kWh/(m²a) and is much lower than that of the low energy settlement. However, relative to the much smaller average consumption, | ||
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- | ===== Passive House settlement in Hanover/ | ||
- | {{:picopen:suedansicht_passivhaus_kronsberg.jpg?150 }} The Passive House settlement in Hanover/ | + | |
+ | ===== 1.2. Passive House settlement in Hanover/ | ||
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**3. Heating period 2001/2002: 12.8 kWh/ | **3. Heating period 2001/2002: 12.8 kWh/ | ||
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The extremely low heat consumption values for the Passive House housing development in Hanover/ | The extremely low heat consumption values for the Passive House housing development in Hanover/ | ||
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+ | ===== 1.3. Passive House settlement in Stuttgart/ | ||
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+ | The extremely low heat consumption values for the Passive House housing development in Stuttgart/ | ||
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+ | ===== 1.4. Conclusion regarding Passive House settlements===== | ||
+ | The comparison of the measured results for the four housing settlements in the overview __//(Fig. 6)//__ clearly shows the huge difference in the heating consumption values of the low-energy houses and the Passive Houses. The good correlation of the PHPP calculations with the average value of the consumptions is apparent here. | ||
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+ | Regarding the values calculated according to the PHPP, it must also be noted that the calculations were performed and published during planning and before the construction of the relevant buildings. These are not calculation processes with subsequent " | ||
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- | ===== Passive House settlement in Stuttgart/ | ||
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- | [{{:picopen:statistik_passivhaus_feuerbach_engl.png?500 |**__Fig. 5:__** Consumption statistics for the Passive House development | + | ===== 2. Independent confirmation from other projects ===== |
+ | Further empirical studies in other areas of the world have independently confirmed the results documented here: | ||
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+ | ===== 2.1. Passive House Grempstrasse, | ||
+ | {{:picopen:grempstrasse.jpg?300 |}} | ||
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+ | In 2002, the multi-family | ||
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+ | ===== 2.2. Passive House residential complexes in Vienna ===== | ||
+ | A study by Treberspurg et al. in the Conference Proceedings of the 14th International Passive House Conference analysed the measured space heating consumption of six Passive House residential complexes in Vienna; the average heat consumption here was less than 10 kWh/(m²a). | ||
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+ | |Dreherstraße |Utendorfgasse | Rochegasse| | ||
+ | |27 apartments | 39 apartments | 114 apartments| | ||
+ | |2405 m² TFA | 2987 m² TFA| 9900 m² TFA| | ||
+ | |Architekt DI. Günter Lautner| Schöberl Pöll OEG with architect DI Franz Kuzmich | Treberspurg und Partner, architect ZT Gesmbh| Fig. 8: Some of the multi-family Passive House residential complexes in Vienna which were examined in the study [[Operation: | ||
+ | |//**Fig. 8**: Some of the multi-family Passive House residential complexes in Vienna which were examined in the study [[Operation: | ||
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- | The extremely low heat consumption values for the Passive House housing development in Stuttgart/ | ||
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+ | The reference buildings (low energy houses) have significantly higher consumption values; over 72 % heating energy was saved in comparison. A study of the costs charged for the buildings simultaneously shows that the Passive House buildings in Vienna were not more expensive to build than the low energy houses. The compactness of the buildings has a significant effect on the construction costs. | ||
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+ | ===== 2.3. Passive House settlement " | ||
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+ | The residential complex Lodenareal consists of four L-shaped buildings sections with a total of 354 rental apartments and a living area of 26000 m². The residential complex was built during the period 2007/2010 by the contractor Neue Heimat Tirol (designers din a4 ZT GmbH, and teamk2 [architects] ZT GmbH) (total construction costs € 46 million excluding VAT). Within the framework of the monitoring project with funding by the State of Tyrol and the IKB (research partner of Energie Tirol University of Innsbruck, AEE-INTEC, IFZ), the energy consumption as well as user satisfaction and indoor air quality in these Passive House homes were compared with a similar residential complex of a low energy standard without comfort ventilation built around the same time in Kufstein (Tyrol). | ||
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+ | The average space heat consumption for all apartments was **17.6 kWh/m²a** (in the first year of measurement) **and 16.3 kWh/m²a in the second year of measurement**. Adjusted for temperature and climate, this results in 13.6 kWh/m²a in the first year and 14.6 kWh/m²a in the second year. | ||
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- | ===== Conclusion===== | + | |
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+ | ===== 2.4. Low-energy house projects in the UK ===== | ||
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+ | Performance tests of the building envelope were carried out for 25 different buildings. The heat loss per Kelvin temperature difference was determined for the entire building (co-heating test). The measurement by Johnston et al. included 22 low-energy projects and three Passive House buildings [[Operation: | ||
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- | |//**__Fig. 6:__ This diagram summarises the comparison of the consumption measurements of the reference settlement (left, 65 kWh/(m²a)) and the three Passive House developments (about 13 kWh/(m²a) in each case). The consumption in the Passive Houses based on these measured values is about 80% less than in the low energy homes of an already good standard. All average values are in quite good agreement with the values previously calculated using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP).**// | ||
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- | ===== Independent confirmation from other projects | + | ===== 2.5. Passive House district Bahnstadt in Heidelberg |
- | Further empirical studies in other areas of the world have independently confirmed the results documented here: | + | |
- | * A study by [[http:// | + | |
- | |{{ : | + | Monitoring was carried out for residential buildings in the world' |
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- | * Measurement results from the largest | + | \\ |
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- | * Measurements by Johnston et al. for 25 low-energy projects | + | ===== 2.6. Semi-detached |
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+ | Four semi-detached houses in Nuremberg-Wetzendorf already had occupants living there in 2000. The architect was Burkhard Schulze Darup. Evaluation of the residential buildings over the last 13 winter seasons [[Operation: | ||
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- | |//**The results of the Performance Tests carried out for 25 highly efficient new builds in England [Johnston 2014]. The three Passive House projects scored best by far and in every respect: there was almost no difference between the predicted and the measured specific heat loss, they exhibited a loss coefficient lower by a factor of two compared with the next best projects and they saved almost 75% of the heating losses compared with the average losses. **// | ||
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+ | ===== 2.7. Passive House residential building " | ||
+ | Completed and inhabited in 2017, the Passive House “BuildTog” in Bremen-Findorff of GEWOBA Bremen has 16 rental apartments with a heated living area of 1,478 m². The solid construction building was planned by the architectural office “Planungsgruppe DREI” from Mühltal near Darmstadt. The building services were planned by “Ingenieurbüro Lachnit” from Roßdorf near Darmstadt. The building is supplied by district heating (heating and hot water), and all apartments are connected by a central ventilation system in the basement. | ||
- | * Monitoring for residential buildings | + | The evaluation of the energy consumption values |
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+ | A residents’ survey shows a very high overall satisfaction with the building | ||
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+ | ===== 3. Refurbishment | ||
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+ | Due to the progress made with building components, | ||
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+ | The refurbishment standard EnerPHit which also permits slightly higher heating demand values was defined because thermal bridges will remain even in the case of an energetically optimised refurbishment, particularly at the building foundation, and also because other details cannot always be dealt with in an optimal way. | ||
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+ | ===== 3.1. Refurbishment project Tevesstrasse, | ||
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+ | Refurbishment using Passive House components of two typical post-war residential apartment blocks with two apartments per floor was completed | ||
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+ | If the previously prepared PHPP energy balance (17.3 kWh/(m²a)) is recalculated with the outdoor temperature (measurement climate) and the indoor conditions (indoor temperature) of the measurement period, this will result in a heating demand of 15.1 kWh/ | ||
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+ | |//**Fig. 15:** __Above:__ Heating energy consumption of the Tevesstrasse refurbishment project. The average value of the measurements in 19 apartments of one apartment block in the first year is 15.7 kWh/(m²a) on average with an average indoor temperature of 21.8 °C. Adjusted for 20 °C, this equates to just 11.2 kWh/ (m²a). | ||
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- | [{{ :picopen: | + | __Below:__ Thermographic image of the buildings |
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- | |//**Annual heat consumption values | + | |
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- | ===== Inferences===== | + | |
- | The measurements | + | \\ \\ |
+ | ===== 3.2. Refurbishment project Hoheloogstr Ludwigshafen a.R.===== | ||
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+ | Around the same time as the project | ||
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+ | Evaluation of an identically constructed non-refurbished building located at a distance of 300 m at the same time resulted in an average heating consumption of 141 kWh/ | ||
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- | * The individual measures, i.e. thermal insulation, triple low-e glazing and heat recovery were effective. Deviations of more than about 1 kWh/(m²a) would have been identifiable in the average values, but did not occur. | ||
- | * The calculation method according to the PHPP and the applied boundary conditions proved successful in practice. The differences between the calculated balance and the measured values are minimal. | ||
- | * According to the present consumption statistics, additional heat losses such as heat transmission losses or high window ventilation losses cannot have a decisive effect; they must be within the limits determined with ±1 kWh/(m²a) and are therefore insignificant.\\ | ||
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- | ===== Summary ===== | + | [{{ : |
- | Different users, even if they live in identically constructed houses, frequently have very different consumptions: | ||
- | The Passive House concept demonstrably | + | \\ \\ |
+ | ===== 3.3. Refurbishment project Nuremberg ===== | ||
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+ | Starting in the year 2000, four different projects relating to refurbishment with Passive House components were realised in Nuremberg by the architect Burkhard Schulze Darup on behalf of the housing association wbg Nürnberg GmbH Immobilienunternehmen. | ||
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+ | In all four projects, consumption values were measured | ||
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+ | ===== 4. Airtightness ===== | ||
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+ | An airtight building envelope is a key component in energy efficient buildings. The airtightness test offers an easy way to check this requirement for every building and carry out any improvements that are necessary. A higher quality of airtightness is required in Passive Houses with n< | ||
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+ | ===== 5. Summary ===== | ||
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+ | The measured values from more than 1800 apartments in buildings built to the Passive House Standard and ca. 170 apartments which were refurbished with Passive House components prove that the Passive House concept | ||
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+ | Different users often have different consumption values even if they live in identically constructed homes. Deviations of ±50% from the average value are no exception, rather they constitute the expected normal distribution. This applies for all energy standards (existing buildings, low energy houses, Passive Houses etc.) The most significant cause for this distribution is with simultaneous measurements at different set temperature settings during the heating period. For these reasons, an average value from a sufficiently large selection of identically constructed buildings is always necessary for assessing an energy efficient building standard. | ||
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+ | The measurement results for the Passive House projects correlate very well with the previously calculated demand values (PHPP). The balancing tool is excellent for reliably predicting the average heating demand during the planning phase. This applies equally for new constructions and refurbishments. With the Passive House Standard, no difference can be detected between the demand value and the reality (so-called " | ||
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+ | Passive House components of a high quality in terms of energy efficiency can also be used successfully in refurbishments. Evaluation of the heating consumption values shows that very high savings are reliably achieved with refurbishment in accordance with the EnerPHit Standard. The heating energy consumption values for new Passive House constructions lie in the range of up to 26 kWh/(m²a), with which savings of up to 95 % can actually be achieved. | ||
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+ | The measurements in the Passive House projects prove the following in conclusion: | ||
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+ | * Unordered List ItemThe individual measures, namely thermal insulation, triple low-e glazing, airtightness and heat recovery ventilation are effective. Deviations of more than about 1 kWh/ | ||
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+ | * Unordered List ItemThe calculation method based on the PHPP and the applied boundary conditions proved successful in practice. The differences between the calculated balance and the measured values were very small. The oft-bemoaned ' | ||
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+ | * Unordered List ItemBased on the present consumption statistics, additional heat losses, such as the transmission heat losses or high heat losses due to window ventilation cannot have a decisive influence; these must be within the determined limits with ±1 kWh/(m²a) and are therefore negligible. | ||
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- | ==== Notes about the units applied ==== | + | ===== 6. Notes regarding |
- | 1 kWh (kilowatt hour) is a unit of energy. | + | 1 kWh **(kilowatt hour)** is a unit of energy. |
- | The specific heating value q< | + | The specific heating value q< |
- | Q< | + | **Q< |
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This measurement includes distribution and heat transmission losses. | This measurement includes distribution and heat transmission losses. | ||
- | A< | + | **A< |
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+ | values of identically constructed objects are very well approximated by a normal distribution. More details can be found in the CEPHEUS Final Report [[Operation: | ||
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- | ==== Note for mathematics experts ==== | ||
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- | We have inserted the appropriate Gaussian or [[http:// | ||
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- | to be precise, their inverse, i.e. the " | ||
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- | * **//μ//** describes the average value | ||
- | * and **//σ//** the standard deviation.\\ | ||
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- | Additionally, | ||
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===== Literature ===== | ===== Literature ===== | ||
+ | **[Darup 2011]** Schulze Darup, Burkhard: Energetische Modernisierung (German only; Energy-relevant modernisation), | ||
**[Ebel 2003]** Ebel, W.; Großklos, M.; Knissel, J.; Loga, T. und Müller, K.: Wohnen in Passiv- und Niedrigenergiehäusern – Eine vergleichende Analyse der Nutzungsfaktoren am Beispiel der „Gartenhofsiedlung Lummerlund“ in Wiesbaden-Dotzheim, | **[Ebel 2003]** Ebel, W.; Großklos, M.; Knissel, J.; Loga, T. und Müller, K.: Wohnen in Passiv- und Niedrigenergiehäusern – Eine vergleichende Analyse der Nutzungsfaktoren am Beispiel der „Gartenhofsiedlung Lummerlund“ in Wiesbaden-Dotzheim, | ||
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**[Johnston 2014]** D. Johnston, D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat & D. Miles-Shenton (2014): “Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap”, Building Research & Information, | **[Johnston 2014]** D. Johnston, D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat & D. Miles-Shenton (2014): “Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap”, Building Research & Information, | ||
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+ | **[Johnston 2020]** David Johnston, Mark Siddall, Oliver Ottinger, Soeren Peper und Wolfgang Feist: **Are the energy savings of the passive house standard reliable? A review of the as-built thermal and space heating performance of passive house dwellings from 1990 to 2018**; Energy Efficiency (2020) 13: | ||
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+ | **[Johnston 2020]** David Johnston, Mark Siddall, Oliver Ottinger, Soeren Peper und Wolfgang Feist: **Are the energy savings of the passive house standard reliable? A review of the as-built thermal and space heating performance of passive house dwellings from 1990 to 2018**; Energy Efficiency (2020) 13: | ||
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+ | **[Krellner 2015]** Krellner, Marcus: Jährliche Ablesewerte der Wärmezähler der vier Doppel-haushälften in Nürnberg-Wetzendorf (German only; Annual heat meter readings of four semi-detached houses in Nuremberg-Wetzdorf). Private supply data, July 2015 | ||
**[Loga 1997]** Loga, Tobias; Müller, Kornelia; Menje, Horst: | **[Loga 1997]** Loga, Tobias; Müller, Kornelia; Menje, Horst: | ||
Die Niedrigenergiesiedlung Distelweg in Niedernhausen, | Die Niedrigenergiesiedlung Distelweg in Niedernhausen, | ||
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+ | **[Peper 2015]** Peper, Søren: Bahnstadt Heidelberg, Minimalmonitoring für ausgewählte Gebäudekomplexe (Bahnstadt Heidelberg, Minimal Monitoring in selected building complexes), Interim Report 2014. Commissioned by the City of Heidelberg. Passive House Institute July 2015. This report can be obtained free of charge from the Passive House Institute. | ||
**[Peper/ | **[Peper/ | ||
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**[Peper 2015]** Peper, Sören: Bahnstadt Heidelberg, Minimalmonitoring für ausgewählte Gebäudekomplexe. Zwischenbericht 2014. Im Auftrag der Stadt Heidelberg. Passivhaus Institut, Juli 2015; dieser Bericht kann kostenlos beim Passivhaus Institut bezogen werden. | **[Peper 2015]** Peper, Sören: Bahnstadt Heidelberg, Minimalmonitoring für ausgewählte Gebäudekomplexe. Zwischenbericht 2014. Im Auftrag der Stadt Heidelberg. Passivhaus Institut, Juli 2015; dieser Bericht kann kostenlos beim Passivhaus Institut bezogen werden. | ||
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+ | **[Peper/ | ||
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+ | **[Peper/ | ||
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+ | **[Peper/ | ||
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+ | **[Peper/ | ||
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+ | **[Peper/ | ||
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+ | **[Peper/ | ||
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+ | **[Peper 2021]** Peper, S.: Passivhaus BuildTog Bremen-Findorff, | ||
**[PHPP]** Passive House Planning Package. Passive House Institute, 1998 - 2015 | **[PHPP]** Passive House Planning Package. Passive House Institute, 1998 - 2015 | ||
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**[Schnieders/ | **[Schnieders/ | ||
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+ | **[Schulze Darup 2002]** Schulze Darup, Burkhard (Hrsg.): Passivhaus-Projketbericht Energie & Raumluftqualität. Messtechnische Evaluierung und Verifizierung der energetischen Ein-sparpotentiale und Raumluftqualitäten an Passivhäusern in Nürnberg (Passive House Project Report: Energy and indoor air quality. Metrological evaluation and verification of energy saving potentials and indoor air quality in Passive Houses in Nuremberg). AnBus e.V. Nuremberg 2002 | ||
**[techem 2014]** Techem Energy Services: Energiekennwerte 2014. Hilfen für den Wohnungswert. Eschborn, 2014 | **[techem 2014]** Techem Energy Services: Energiekennwerte 2014. Hilfen für den Wohnungswert. Eschborn, 2014 | ||
**[Treberspurg 2010]** Treberspurg, | **[Treberspurg 2010]** Treberspurg, | ||
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+ | **[Wagner 2008]** Wagner, Waldemar: Große Wohnanlagen in Passivhausqualität (Large Passive House residential complexes). In: Magazine EE, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energien, Nr. 2, 2008 Gleisdorf | ||
operation/operation_and_experience/measurement_results/energy_use_measurement_results.txt · Last modified: 2022/09/16 12:38 by wfeist