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--- examples:passivehosue_district:passive_house_district_heidelberg-bahnstadt_monitor [2025/04/02 15:25] – old revision restored (2024/12/04 17:14) yaling.hsiao@passiv.de
+++ examples:passivehosue_district:passive_house_district_heidelberg-bahnstadt_monitor [2025/04/02 15:47] (current) – [Comparison of heating energy consumption with PHPP planning data] yaling.hsiao@passiv.de
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-[{{:picopen:fig2_aerial_view_of_heidelberg_reviewed_buildings.jpg?600|Figure 1????2????: Aerial view of the Bahnstadt, where the buildings reviewed here are located (photo: Kay Sommer; image rights: City of Heidelberg)}}]
+[{{ :picopen:fig2_aerial_view_of_heidelberg_reviewed_buildings.jpg?600 |Figure 1 Aerial view of the Bahnstadt, where the buildings reviewed here are located (photo: Kay Sommer; image rights: City of Heidelberg)}}]
 ===== Monitoring to ensure success =====
-Consumption values are currently being monitored to determine the success of the Bahnstadt-Heidelberg construction project [Peper 2015]. Monthly meter readings are available for all heat consumption (space heating, hot water, losses, etc.) for entire complexes with more than a hundred residential units each. The data is analysed as part of a “minimal monitoring” process, in which heating energy consumption is quite accurately derived from the monthly averages. The procedure is described in [Peper 2012]. The interim report for consumption levels in 2014 showed the annual results; the consumption statistics for 2015 were compiled in early 2016 and <fc #98fb98>were</fc> presented at the 20th Passive House Conference.
+Consumption values are currently being monitored to determine the success of the Bahnstadt-Heidelberg construction project [Peper 2015]. Monthly meter readings are available for all heat consumption (space heating, hot water, losses, etc.) for entire complexes with more than a hundred residential units each. The data is analysed as part of a “minimal monitoring” process, in which heating energy consumption is quite accurately derived from the monthly averages. The procedure is described in [Peper 2012]. The interim report for consumption levels in 2014 showed the annual results; the consumption statistics for 2015 were compiled in early 2016 and were presented at the 20th Passive House Conference.
+The consumption data for seven residential complexes (698 residential units, 61,981 m²) and student dormitories (564 apartments, 15,457 m²) are currently being analysed. The treated floor area is defined as the useful area in accordance with the PHPP living area; assessment of the findings must take into consideration the fact that the current energy-saving building standard in Germany EnEV defines the floor space AN for these buildings as being 28 % greater, so the specific consumption values are accordingly lower. The buildings under investigation have all had tenants for an entire year except for three complexes, which only became occupied in the course of the first quarter of 2014. It is unclear whether this partial occupancy led to lower or higher consumption; both outcomes are possible.
-The consumption data for seven residential complexes (698 residential units, 61,981 m²) and student dormitories (564 apartments, 15,457 m²) are currently being analysed. The treated floor area is defined as the useful area in accordance with the PHPP (<fc #98fb98>living area</fc>); assessment of the findings must take into consideration the fact that the current energy-saving building standard in Germany EnEV defines the floor space AN for these buildings as being 28 % greater, so the specific consumption values are accordingly lower. The buildings under investigation have all had tenants for an entire year except for three complexes, which only became occupied in the course of the first quarter of 2014. It is unclear whether this partial occupancy led to lower or higher consumption; both outcomes are possible.
+Based on the monthly consumption values, the expenses for hot water, distribution and storage in the core summer months can be determined irrespective of building heating. Here, it is assumed that no unplanned and undesirable space heating was used in the summer. To adjust for the effect of absence during the vacation period, the month with the lowest summer consumption is left out of the equation. Because the complexes contain a large number of residential units, it can be assumed that only a small number of tenants were on vacation at the same time. The average consumption of the view summer months June to September is calculated and the expenses without heating are used as the consumption figure for each month.. All consumption values above the base consumption in the other months are considered “energy consumption for space heating”. In this simplified approach, the heat output from the distribution lines is assumed to be constant over the year.
-Based on the monthly consumption values, the expenses for hot water, distribution and storage in the core summer months can be determined irrespective of building heating. Here, it is assumed that no unplanned and undesirable space heating was used in the summer. To adjust for the effect<fc #98fb98> of absence during the vacation period</fc>, the month with the lowest summer consumption is left out of the equation. Because the complexes contain a large number of residential units, it can be assumed that only a small number of tenants were on vacation at the same time. The average consumption during the four summer months from June to September is calculated to produce the <fc #98fb98>value</fc> “expenses without space heating” for each month. If this summer average for the consumption is extrapolated to the year, the result is the annual **“expenditure without space heating”**, which is abbreviated here as the **“base consumption”**. All consumption values above the base consumption in the other months are considered “energy consumption for space heating”. In this simplified approach, the heat output from the distribution lines is assumed to be constant over the year.
-This type of calculation allows a value to be determined for space heating energy consumption from the small amount of measurement data available. However, this initial rough estimate is too high for various reasons: lower hot water consumption in the summer (overestimation: 1 to 2 kWh/(m²a); moderate approach 10 % overestimation from winter to summer), heating for underground parking driveways (estimation: 0.1 to 0.3 kWh/(m²a)), possible unintentional heating (such as in the month of May) because of improper use of controls (in May, between 0.4 and 1.2 kWh/m²; on average: 0.7 kWh/m²), and higher winter heat losses from distribution lines in the ground and basement (estimate: 0.2 kWh/(m²a)).
+This type of calculation allows a value to be determined for space heating energy consumption from the small amount of measurement data available. However, this initial rough estimate is too high for various reasons: lower hot water consumption in the summer (overestimation: 1 to 2 kWh/(m²a); moderate approach 10 % overestimation from winter to summer), heating for underground parking driveways (estimation: 0.1 to 0.3 kWh/(m²a)), possible unintentional heating (such as in the month of May) because of improper use of controls (in May, between 0.4 and 1.2 kWh/m²; on average: 0.7 kWh/m²), and higher winter heat losses from distribution lines in the ground and basement (estimate: 0.2 kWh/(m²a)).
 In total, these effects overestimate space heating consumption in the initial rough estimate (“base method”) by 1.4 to 2.5 kWh/(m²a), **not including** any “unplanned” space heating in May. The maximum value of 2.5 kWh/(m²a) and the project-specific heating consumption for May increase the overestimation to **2.9 to 3.7 kWh/(m²a)**. This consumption then has to be deducted in the second estimate to produce a more realistic value for district heat consumption. At this point, the main effects that lead to overestimation of heating energy consumption are taken into account. The values determined in the second estimate are indicated as “heating energy consumption” below. The average measurement deviation is likely to be ca. ± 4 kWh/(m²a). Even with this (relatively large, but quite small in absolute terms) tolerance range, the measured heating energy consumption is extremely low over the more than 75,000 m² of useful area.
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 Figure 2 shows consumption of heating energy in the residential buildings by complex along with the average area-weighted values. Different boundary weather conditions in the next year under review are expected to produce slightly different results; furthermore, 2015 will be the first year of complete usage throughout the year, and the one-off effects from the first year will be over. One focal point will be on whether the two higher consumption values(20 and 24 kWh/(m²a), respectively) change under full occupancy. In any case, even these levels are very low and cannot be seen as problematic.
-[{{:picopen:monitoring_heidelberg_fig2_annual_consumption_heating_energy.png?600|Figure 2: Annual consumption of heating energy in the Bahnstadt for residential buildings (including student dormitories) by complex (BS)}}]
+[{{ :picopen:monitoring_heidelberg_fig2_annual_consumption_heating_energy.png?600 |Figure 2: Annual consumption of heating energy in the Bahnstadt for residential buildings (including student dormitories) by complex (BS)}}]
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 Figure 3 shows consumption values for heating energy in the complexes along with the PHPP results (for 20.0 and 21.5 °C).
-[{{:picopen:monitoring_heidelberg_fig3_comparison_heating_consumption_data.png?600|Figure 3: Comparison of heating consumption data with PHPP heating demand values for the weather data set from Ludwigshafen/Heidelberg (LU/HD) in 2014 and two room temperatures for the seven complexes (BS) investigated in the Bahnstadt}}]
+[{{ :picopen:monitoring_heidelberg_fig3_comparison_heating_consumption_data.png?600 |Figure 3: Comparison of heating consumption data with PHPP heating demand values for the weather data set from Ludwigshafen/Heidelberg (LU/HD) in 2014 and two room temperatures for the seven complexes (BS) investigated in the Bahnstadt}}]
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-[Peper 2012]	Peper, S.: Messung zur Verbrauchskontrolle – Minimalmonitoring. In: Arbeitskreis kostengünstige Passivhäuser, Protokollband Nr. 45: Richtig messen in Energiesparhäusern [Research Group Cost-efficient Passive Houses, Volume 45: Proper measuring in low-energy houses]. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, 2012. Available on Passipedia:
+[Peper 2012]	Peper, S.: Messung zur Verbrauchskontrolle – Minimalmonitoring. In: Arbeitskreis kostengünstige Passivhäuser, Protokollband Nr. 45: Richtig messen in Energiesparhäusern \\
+[Research Group Cost-efficient Passive Houses, Volume 45: Proper measuring in low-energy houses]. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, 2012. Available on Passipedia \\
+[Peper 2015]	Peper, S.: Monitoring in der Passivhaus-Siedlung Bahnstadt Heidelberg, interim report 2014. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, 2015 \\
-[Peper 2015]	Peper, S.: Monitoring in der Passivhaus-Siedlung Bahnstadt Heidelberg, interim report 2014. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, 2015.
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 ====== See also ======
 Detailed monitoring report: [[https://passiv.de/downloads/05_heidelberg_bahnstadt_monitoring_report_en.pdf|Energy monitoring of residential buildings in the Passive House city district of Heidelberg-Bahnstadt]]