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--- operation:operation_and_experience:monitoring_in_the_passive_house_district_of_bahnstadt_heidelberg [2015/08/06 10:38] – [2.1References] kdreimane
+++ operation:operation_and_experience:monitoring_in_the_passive_house_district_of_bahnstadt_heidelberg [2015/08/07 19:59] (current) – [1.2Compact monitoring method for heating consuption] "uol item" deleted wfeist
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 According to this method, the district heat consumption for the entire development block in the example shown in Figure 11 results as 23.3 kWh/(m²a) in a first approximation. The base consumption is 3.72 kWh/(m² month) x 12 months = 44.6 kWh/(m²a).
 This type of calculation basically allows the calculation of the heating consumption value from the little measured data that is available. However, for different reasons, this first approximation leads to **overestimation of the heating consumption**:
-  * Unordered List ItemHot water consumption in residential buildings is lower in summer than it is in winter. On account of the calculation of the base consumption in summer, the deduction for the winter is too low. In a building in Ludwigshafen, Germany, with 12 apartments, an analysis of the measured data from a detailed examination that was carried out there [Peper 2012a] shows that hot water consumption in winter is ca. 10 % higher than the average summer consumption. In a first approximation, overestimation of the heating consumption would be about **1 to 2 kWh/(m²a)**. In another project in Frankfurt with 19 apartments, the measured data showed an even stronger winter/summer increase (by 29 %). A more moderate approach with a winter/summer excessive increase of 10 % is used in the analysis carried out here.
+  * Hot water consumption in residential buildings is lower in summer than it is in winter. On account of the calculation of the base consumption in summer, the deduction for the winter is too low. In a building in Ludwigshafen, Germany, with 12 apartments, an analysis of the measured data from a detailed examination that was carried out there [Peper 2012a] shows that hot water consumption in winter is ca. 10 % higher than the average summer consumption. In a first approximation, overestimation of the heating consumption would be about **1 to 2 kWh/(m²a)**. In another project in Frankfurt with 19 apartments, the measured data showed an even stronger winter/summer increase (by 29 %). A more moderate approach with a winter/summer excessive increase of 10 % is used in the analysis carried out here.
-  * Unordered List ItemHeating of the underground car park entrances in some development blocks does not occur in summer and is therefore attributed to the heating consumption. An estimation of the consumption share for these development blocks with central underground car parks results in values of between **0.1 and 0.3 kWh/(m²a) for heating of the underground car park entrance ramps**.
+  * Heating of the underground car park entrances in some development blocks does not occur in summer and is therefore attributed to the heating consumption. An estimation of the consumption share for these development blocks with central underground car parks results in values of between **0.1 and 0.3 kWh/(m²a) for heating of the underground car park entrance ramps**.
-  * Unordered List ItemUndesirable heating may possibly be encountered (e.g. in the month May) due to unintentional operation. These expenditures are included in the calculated "Heating consumption". In the residential-use projects studied here, the heating consumptions in May which are above the base consumption in summer are between 0.4 and 1.2 kWh/m²;   ** 0.7 kWh/m²** on average.
+  * Undesirable heating may possibly be encountered (e.g. in the month May) due to unintentional operation. These expenditures are included in the calculated "Heating consumption". In the residential-use projects studied here, the heating consumptions in May which are above the base consumption in summer are between 0.4 and 1.2 kWh/m²;   ** 0.7 kWh/m²** on average.
-  * Unordered List ItemHeat dissipation from the distribution pipes in the ground and in the basement area - with largely constant forward flow temperature of the district heat - is determined by the type and quality of insulation and by the ambient temperature of the pipes. In winter the ambient temperatures are lower and therefore heat dissipation from heat distribution pipes increases. Through calculation of the "base heat" from the summer values, the increased dissipated heat in winter is completely attributed to the heating consumption. Estimation of the scale was performed for one of the development blocks. In doing so, a distinction was made between pipe lengths in the ground and in the basement, and the linear thermal transmittances of the different pipes were taken into account. The result is a difference of 1800 kWh/a between the summer approach and taking into account of the lower temperatures in winter, corresponding with about    **2 kWh/(m²a)**. For simplification, this value is also used for the other development blocks.
+  * Heat dissipation from the distribution pipes in the ground and in the basement area - with largely constant forward flow temperature of the district heat - is determined by the type and quality of insulation and by the ambient temperature of the pipes. In winter the ambient temperatures are lower and therefore heat dissipation from heat distribution pipes increases. Through calculation of the "base heat" from the summer values, the increased dissipated heat in winter is completely attributed to the heating consumption. Estimation of the scale was performed for one of the development blocks. In doing so, a distinction was made between pipe lengths in the ground and in the basement, and the linear thermal transmittances of the different pipes were taken into account. The result is a difference of 1800 kWh/a between the summer approach and taking into account of the lower temperatures in winter, corresponding with about    **2 kWh/(m²a)**. For simplification, this value is also used for the other development blocks.
 Altogether, due to the first approximation ("base consumption method") the effects described here result in an overestimation of 1.4 to 2.5 kWh/(m²a) of the heating consumption **plus** the respective "unintentional" heating consumption for May. With the maximum value of 2.5 kWh/(m²a) and the project-specific heating consumption for May, the overestimation results as **2.9 to 3.7 kWh/(m²a)**. This consumption must be deducted in the second approximation that has now occurred in order to achieve a more realistic value for the district heat consumption for heating. A heating consumption (second approximation) of