examples:residential_buildings:single_-_family_houses:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
examples:residential_buildings:single_-_family_houses:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany [2015/09/16 01:00] – [Conclusion] link history wfeist | examples:residential_buildings:single_-_family_houses:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany [2016/08/22 10:41] (current) – removed kdreimane | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
- | ====== The world’s first Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, | ||
- | |||
- | ||{{: | ||
- | |||
- | |// | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | ===== From the low-energy house to the Passive House ===== | ||
- | |||
- | {{: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | ** The theoretical proof for the feasibility of such houses was provided in the thesis, " | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |//**__Fig. 1 - Simulation results at the beginning: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **It was quickly realised that energy optimisation for buildings should not be limited solely to heating energy; in fact, all household energy consumption had to be minimised.** Otherwise it would be possible to reduce the heating energy requirement to " | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Preparatory Research Project ===== | ||
- | |||
- | To prepare the construction of the first Passive Houses in Hessen **a scientific research group was formed, financed by the Hessian Ministry for economics and technology (HMWT)**. The minister of economics at that time, Alfred Schmidt, showed great interest in the development. | ||
- | |||
- | The Research Group monitored **eight research projects**, the results of which were incorporated directly into the construction of the first Passive House at Kranichstein; | ||
- | * alternative architectural drafts were prepared, | ||
- | * the efficiency of ventilation heat recovery units was improved, | ||
- | * ventilation controls were developed based on air quality guidelines, | ||
- | * new specially insulated window frames and shutters were developed, | ||
- | * low thermal bridge construction details for the connection of building components were designed, | ||
- | * solar heating technologies and a concept for heat recovery from waste water were developed.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | {{: | ||
- | |||
- | Only by combining all of these measures it was possible to achieve the ambitious objective of an exceedingly small heating load - however, this combination was not very economical at the time because these components had to be manufactured individually and therefore they were expensive. The additional costs in comparison with those of a conventional construction were offset by the Hessian Department of the Environment by 50%. During construction in 1991, the house was equipped with highly precise data monitoring devices in order to check the achievement of the objectives.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ===== The Passive House in Kranichstein ===== | ||
- | |||
- | The emphasis of these Passive House measures was on the **conservation of heat: thermal protection and heat recovery** are the decisive components. This still applies for subsequently built Passive Houses. | ||
- | |||
- | Besides these measures | ||
- | * solar collectors for the provision of domestic hot water | ||
- | * and a subsoil heat exchanger for preheating the fresh air were used. | ||
- | |||
- | The house has extremely good thermal insulation, which has functioned outstandingly since the house was occupied in October 1991.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | ==== Design features of the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein ==== | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | ^ Building component ^ Description ^ Phototgraph of site ^ U-value W/(m²K) ^ | ||
- | | | ||
- | | | ||
- | | | ||
- | | **Windows** | Triple-pane low-e glazing with Krypton filling: U< | ||
- | | | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | A subsequent measurement of the airtightness in October 2001, for example, gave **a pressurisation test air change rate (n< | ||
- | [[examples: | ||
- | [[[examples: | ||
- | [[examples: | ||
- | |||
- | * The hot water is heated using solar vacuum flat collectors (5.3 m² per household or 1.4 m² per person). | ||
- | * Natural gas is used for secondary heating. The flat-collector thermal system covers about 66% of the dhw consumption in the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. | ||
- | * Because the provision of domestic hot water represents the greatest energy requirement of this house, an efficient domestic hot water system is of great importance. The heat distribution and circulation pipes have therefore been placed inside the thermal envelope and are well insulated.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ==== Ventilation ==== | ||
- | |||
- | === Heat Recovery === | ||
- | |||
- | A Passive House in the Central European Climate can only function with a **[[planning: | ||
- | |||
- | Thus in Kranichstein a balanced supply air and exhaust air ventilation system with a highly efficient counterflow air-to-air heat exchanger was used - but it had to be specially adapted for this purpose because at the time, the fans used had a very high electricity consumption. | ||
- | * In this project, DC fans with electronic commutators were used for the first time (known as EC motors). | ||
- | * During operation, a heat recovery rate of over 80% was measured after optimisation of the flow geometry.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | This continuously operating comfort ventilation system provides a constant supply of fresh air to each accommodation unit. | ||
- | * At the lowest setting, 100 m³/h of fresh air is supplied to the living and sleeping areas in each unit. This means, that with a four person household, the specific quantity of fresh air would amount to 25 m³ per person per hour. The unit then operates constantly at this rate independent of the actual number of people in the building (for the best as shown by experiments with complex ventilation controls that were not worth it). Users can, however, manually change the setting if the choose. | ||
- | * At the highest setting, between 160 and 185 m³/h are supplied. | ||
- | |||
- | Extract air is drawn away from the humid rooms like the kitchen and bathrooms in corresponding quantities. Such high-efficiency ventilation systems had not been available before the Passive House; it was only in 1997 that development by the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses was so far advanced that several manufacturers started to produce serial units of this quality for the market. Today these units typically display the following characteristics: | ||
- | * heat recovery efficiency of more than 80%, | ||
- | * electricity consumption of less than 0.4 Wh/m³ transferred air - see the certified units at [[http:// | ||
- | |||
- | These ventilators in the Passive House functioned faultlessly for between 13 and 15 years, until they were replaced during the course of routine renovation work by newer products from the same manufacturer.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | === Airtightness and air quality === | ||
- | |||
- | The Passive House in Kranichstein was finished in October 1991 and has been inhabited by four families since then. The interior finish materials were selected to create as little indoor air pollution as possible. The insulating materials are airtightly separated from the interior by continuous interior plaster or vapour retarders without any gaps – as appropriate from a building physics perspective. The good air quality was confirmed by a separate investigation within the context of a social science study, which objectified user acceptance [[examples: | ||
- | |||
- | Due to particularly well-insulating and airtight sliding shutters as temporary heat protection, it was even possible to operate one of the accommodation units as a " | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |// | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ==== Efficient Use of Electricity in the Passive House in Darmstadt ==== | ||
- | |||
- | The measurements in the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein have confirmed that the electrical consumption for household appliances can be reduced to one third of its current average value with presently available technology. The additional gas consumption for applications which require heating energy amounts to less than 15% [[examples: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ==== Energy balances - simulation ==== | ||
- | |||
- | For the first Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein we did not yet dare to omit the radiators. | ||
- | |||
- | These results correspond with the simulation but not with the current standard calculation procedures. | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |//**__Fig. 2:__ This is how an end-of-terrace house would be built\\ today, based on the German national regulations (EnEV).\\ However, the balance was calculated using the PHPP.\\ The heating consumption was 58 kWh/ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ==== Measured results of the energy consumption ==== | ||
- | |||
- | The opportunity for accurate measurement of the temperatures and heat-flows in the Passive House in Darmstadt-was especially valuable for scientists. | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | As of 2010, the same four families are still living in the first Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein and the measured space heating demand remains 10 kWh/(m²a) (heated living area or TFA). No large maintenance measures have yet been undertaken and all building services remain unchanged from their original configuration. The facade, roof and windows remain unchanged.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |//**__Fig. 4:__ Results of the energy consumption measurements in the Passive House in\\ Darmstadt-Kranichstein; | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ==== "This is not just a scientific experiment" | ||
- | |||
- | In 1995, Amory Lovins, the American energy efficiency pioneer [[examples: | ||
- | |||
- | // | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | The excellent results formed the basis for the **" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |//**__Fig. 5:__ Measured results for the heating output in the Passive House in Darmstadt\\ Kranichstein; | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Another move forward: the cost-effective Passive House ===== | ||
- | |||
- | After the completion of the first four terraced houses and their occupation by tenants, it soon became clear from tests (pressurisation test, volume flow rate comparison) and continuous monitoring (energy consumptions, | ||
- | |||
- | * **19.8 kWh/ | ||
- | * **11.8 kWh/ | ||
- | * less than **10 kWh/ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | These measured consumption values were so unbelievably low that, for many years afterwards, the total final energy consumption including household energy which was measured as 32 kWh/(m²a), was wrongly interpreted as the heating energy consumption of the Passive House in professional circles, because this appeared to be more plausible according to the state of development at that time. However, the 32 kWh/(m²a) included all of the energy consumption of the four terraced houses including household electricity, | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |// | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | The Passive House coped successfully with the icy cold winter of 1996/97, during which the designed standard external temperatures were considerably exceeded, causing problems in relation to comfort in conventionally heated houses. Not only did the heating consumption remain below 11 kWh/(m²a) (almost the same as the previous consumption), | ||
- | |||
- | The first Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein had completely fulfilled the expectations placed in these prototypes. Now the focus shifted to whether the additional construction costs due to individual production could be reduced or not. This led to the **next phase of the development: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Cost Development and Market Penetration ===== | ||
- | |||
- | Since the first Passive House prototypes in Kranichstein the **additional construction costs for Passive Houses have fallen by a factor of 7: **from over 50 000 Euros to between 6 000 and 15 000 Euros per accommodation unit today – less for a large apartment building and more for a single-family home. This means that today Passive Houses are affordable for everyone. Thanks to the enormous **energy savings** the Passive House is " | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | Even without this funding, the construction of Passive Houses increased sharply over the last few years. About 300 accommodation units were completed by the end of 1999 in Germany alone; by the end of 2000 there were 1000, and by 2006 between 6000 and 7000 had already been constructed. Second-generation Passive Houses also achieved the extremely low projected energy consumption values [[examples: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | But progress is not just based on quantity. Because of the **ever-increasing numbers of Passive-House-suitable components available on the market**, the quality is getting better while at the same time prices are falling. The **variety of buildings that have been realised **is also increasing: it has now become clear that the Passive House is a building standard and not a special building method. Passive Houses have been built as | ||
- | * free-standing single-family homes, | ||
- | * as terraced houses | ||
- | * and as multi-storey buildings. | ||
- | |||
- | Experience with non-residential buildings has also been gained: several office buildings, schools and kindergartens have been completed, and the Passive House factory building in Zwingenberg started operating in May 2000.\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Passive Houses: the high level of comfort is inclusive ==== | ||
- | |||
- | What is important is that the occupants of the Passive Houses feel happy in their homes. | ||
- | |||
- | The feedback is extremely positive, statements such as: // | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |//**The sun provides considerable heat (thermographic image of the interior,\\ with radiation from the sun). COMFORT is paramount in the Passive House.\\ (IR image: Feist)**// | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **In the case of the Passive House, higher efficiency leads to even more comfort.** " | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | ===== Conclusion ===== | ||
- | |||
- | It is pleasing that many architects, planners, product developers and property developers have applied the Passive House concept. If we can continue together to accelerate its implementation and apply our experiences for the refurbishment of existing buildings as well, then we will be able to master the task of climate protection and contribute to a fairer distribution of energy globally, as well as increase value creation in regions and thus create additional employment opportunities – and most importantly – enabling people to live a comfortable and worthwhile life in prosperity, today and in the future. Sustainable growth is possible with the Passive House - as Mark Zimmermann outlined in detail at the 9th Passive House Conference in 2005 in Ludwigshafen ([[examples: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |{{ : | ||
- | |// | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | Scientists, architects, engineers and other contributors from various disciplines played a part in making the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein a success. The author would like to express thanks to all those involved. The preparation of the experimental construction was based on the results of many [[basics: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Literature ===== | ||
- | |||
- | **[AkkP 5]** Energiebilanz und Temperaturverhalten; | ||
- | (**Energy balance and temperature characteristics**, | ||
- | ({{: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[AkkP 13]** Energiebilanzen mit dem Passivhaus Projektierungs Paket; Protokollband Nr. 13 des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser, | ||
- | (**Energy Balances with the Passive House Planning Package**; Protocol Volume No. 13 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses, 1st Edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1998) | ||
- | ({{: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Bisanz 1999]** Bisanz, C.: Heizlastauslegung im Niedrigenergie- und Passivhaus; Passivhaus Institut; Fachinformation PHI-1999/2; Eigenverlag; | ||
- | (**Dimensioning the heating load in Low-energy and Passive Houses**; Passive House Institute; Technical Information PHI 1999/2; Darmstadt-1999) | ||
- | ({{: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Ebel/ | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 1988]** Forschungsprojekt Passive Häuser; Projektziele - mit einem Kommentar des Autors zur 2. Auflage 1995, Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, 1. Aufl. 1988, 2. Aufl. 1995\\ | ||
- | (**Research Project Passive Houses**; Project objectives – with remarks by the author about the 2nd edition 1995, Institute for Housing and Environment, | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 1993]** Passivhäuser in Mitteleuropa; | ||
- | (**Passive Houses in Central Europe**, Dissertation, | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist/ | ||
- | (**Total energy demand < 32 kWh/ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 1995]** Wolfgang Feist (Hrsg.): " | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 1997a]** Wolfgang Feist, Tobias Loga: " | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 1997b]** Wolfgang Feist: "Der Härtetest: Passivhäuser im strengen Winter 1996/ | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 1997c]** Wolfgang Feist: " | ||
- | (Also available in English: **"The Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein - Planning, Construction, | ||
- | ({{: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Feist 2000]** Wolfgang Feist: " | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Lovins 1977]** Amory Lovins, **" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Lovins, Weizsäcker 1995]** Amory Lovins, E.-U. von Weizsäcker, | ||
- | (**“Factor four : doubling wealth - halving resource use”**, Munich 1995)\\ | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[PHTag 1996]** Tagungsband der 1. Passivhaustagung, | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | ({{: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Peper 2005]** Peper, Sören; Kah, Oliver; Feist, Wolfgang: Zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Luftdichtheitskonzepten bei Passivhäusern - Feldmessungen. | ||
- | (**The durability of air tightness layers within Passive Houses - field surveys**. Research project in the context of the national participation in the task 28 ' | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[PHPP 2004]** Feist, W.; Pfluger, R.; Kaufmann, B.; Schnieders, J.; Kah, O.: Passivhaus Projektierungs Paket 2004, Passivhaus Institut Darmstadt, 2004\\ | ||
- | (**Passive House Planning Package 2004**, PHI, Darmstadt-2004) | ||
- | (Link to informations: | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Rohrmann 1994]** Bernd Rohrmann: " | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
- | **[Zimmermann 2005]** Mark Zimmermann: " | ||
- | (**" | ||
- | \\ | ||
examples/residential_buildings/single_-_family_houses/central_europe/the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany.1442358027.txt.gz · Last modified: 2015/09/16 01:00 by wfeist