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--- certification:passive_house_categories:per [2015/04/01 12:00] – wolfgang.hasper@passiv.de
+++ certification:passive_house_categories:per [2015/04/01 12:06] – wolfgang.hasper@passiv.de
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 The modelled future energy supply network is based purely on electricity from renewable sources. Three different sources are taken into account: Photovoltaics, wind turbines and hydropower. Biomass needs to be treated differently in the calculations as it can easily be stored and used on a demand basis. In fact, all systems based on secondary energy (e.g. district heat) are taken into account independently of the supply network, directly in the PHPP, with appropriate parameters for the respective system.
-The hourly electricity production through solar power is calculated based on a photovoltaic system oriented toward the equator. The power output is calculated based on the solar radiation information from the respective climate data set, taking into account a tempe-rature-sensitive efficiency of the photovoltaic module. The model’s inclination is determined such that the highest possible annual energy yield is reached at the considered location.
+The hourly electricity production through solar power is calculated based on a photovoltaic system oriented toward the equator. The power output is calculated based on the solar radiation information from the respective climate data set, taking into account a temperature-sensitive efficiency of the photovoltaic module. The model’s inclination is determined such that the highest possible annual energy yield is reached at the considered location.
 The hourly electricity produced through wind energy is calculated based on a smoothed profile of hourly wind velocities. The same climate data set is used, in order to take account of local climatic correlations between wind and radiation or temperature. However, such localised wind data is rarely representative of the potential of wind energy in the surrounding region. The original wind velocity data is therefore calibrated based on long-term measured averages of the region [SSE] and extrapolated to a hub height of 150 m. The actual power output then depends on the turbine’s power curve, which is modelled with a specific power output of 380 W/m² and 200 W/m² for regions with strong and weak wind, respectively (based on [Mono et.al. 2014]). If the average wind speed at hub height is lower than 4 m/s, a significant development of wind energy in the area is unlikely for economic reasons. The contribution of wind energy to the total mix in the calculations is therefore limited to 0.5 % of the annual yield. Offshore wind energy is not considered at this stage – the calculations are slightly on the safe side in this regard.
-Last but not least, the electricity produced from hydropower is taken into account based on the predicted contribution of this energy source to each country’s future total energy demand. The prediction for future hydropower generation id taken from [intpow 2009]. The future electricity demand is scaled for each country according to current and future population densities, current electricity consumption per capita and the vision of a “2000 Watt Society”. Within Europe it is assumed that countries with a hydropower surplus export part of this electricity. The profile of the hydropower electricity is fairly constant throughout the year and takes into account effects of rain, snow and glacial runoff.
+Last but not least, the electricity produced from hydropower is taken into account based on the predicted contribution of this energy source to each country’s future total energy demand. The prediction for future hydropower generation is taken from [intpow 2009]. The future electricity demand is scaled for each country according to current and future population densities, current electricity consumption per capita and the vision of a “2000 Watt Society”. Within Europe it is assumed that countries with a hydropower surplus export part of this electricity. The profile of the hydropower electricity is fairly constant throughout the year and takes into account effects of rain, snow and glacial runoff.
 ==== Electricity demand at the building ====