certification:passive_house_categories:classic-plus-premium

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certification:passive_house_categories:classic-plus-premium [2015/03/17 16:12] – [The new classes – most things unchanged (?)!] bwuenschcertification:passive_house_categories:classic-plus-premium [2021/01/18 14:09] (current) jgrovesmith
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   * The **Passive House Classic**, which is the traditional Passive House   * The **Passive House Classic**, which is the traditional Passive House
  
-  * The **Passive House Plus**, in which additional energy is generated, such as from photovoltaics. Such buildings are said to produce about as much energy as residents consume, at least in an – admittedly somewhat misleading – net calculation over the year.+  * The **Passive House Plus**, in which additional energy is generated, such as from photovoltaics. In the case of single family and buildings with few stories, such buildings produce about as much energy as residents consume, at least in an – admittedly somewhat misleading – annual net-zero energy balance.
  
-  * In a **Passive House Premium**, far more energy is produced than needed. It is therefore a goal for the particularly ambitious: building owners and designers who want to go beyond what economic and ecological considerations already propose. The Passive House Institute is working to make the Passive House Standard more attractive for this avant-garde.+  * In a **Passive House Premium**, typically far more energy is produced than needed. It is therefore a goal for the particularly ambitious: building owners and designers who want to go beyond what economic and ecological considerations already propose. The Passive House Institute is working to make the Passive House Standard more attractive for this avant-garde.
  
 This paper illustrates these classes based on specific reference projects and shows how you can take your project to the next level. This paper illustrates these classes based on specific reference projects and shows how you can take your project to the next level.
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 ==== Energy generation relative to the building’s ground area ==== ==== Energy generation relative to the building’s ground area ====
  
-Often, energy demand and generation are stated with reference to a building’s treated floor area. If a building has a photovoltaic array, it can produce a certain amount of energy, but the amount per square meter of floor area decreases as the number of stories (and hence floor area) increases. Single-story bungalows thus seem to perform better than row houses and duplexes/complexes, although bungalows actually consume much more area and resources per resident. Stating renewable energy production in terms of floor area can thus also lead to improper optimizations. In the new concept, energy generation is instead stated relative to the building’s ground area, defined as the vertical projection of the thermal envelope towards ground (for details, please see PHPP 9 manual). Whether a bungalow or a complex is built, the assessment is therefore the same in terms of energy generation. This approach is better because the space a building takes up is then no longer available for other types of usage. If this area is used to generate electricity, there are additional benefits, and these benefits are then assessed in terms of this area. After all, the sun shines on the roof, not on the treated floor area on every story.+Often, energy demand and generation are stated with reference to a building’s treated floor area. If a building has a photovoltaic array, it can produce a certain amount of energy, but the amount per square meter of floor area decreases as the number of stories (and hence floor area) increases. Single-story bungalows thus seem to perform better than row houses and duplexes/complexes, although bungalows actually consume much more area and resources per resident.  
 + 
 +Stating renewable energy production in terms of floor area can thus also lead to improper optimizations. In the new concept, energy generation is instead stated relative to the building’s ground area, defined as the vertical projection of the thermal envelope towards ground (for details, please see PHPP 9 manual). Whether a bungalow or a complex is built, the assessment is therefore the same in terms of energy generation. This approach is better because the space a building takes up is then no longer available for other types of usage. If this area is used to generate electricity, there are additional benefits, and these benefits are then assessed in terms of this area. After all, the sun shines on the roof, not on the treated floor area on every story.
  
 ==== Using biomass budgets efficiently ==== ==== Using biomass budgets efficiently ====
  
-Both within Germany and worldwide, biomass is only available in limited amounts. There is a clear usage hierarchy for biomass: 1) food production, 2) materials, and 3) energy [Krick 2012]. Because biomass can be stored and has a high energy density, it will mainly be needed in mobile applications (transport). Only a small amount will be left over for consumption in buildings. The new PHPP 9 sets the amount of renewable primary energy left over at 20 kWh/(m²a), and the PER factor is set at 1.10 for biomass in general. Because biomass can be used to generate electricity and produce liquids or gases, it can be used in any supply system, so it is credited to all supply variants. And because biomass can be stored, it is perfect for use in the winter. The budget is then prioritized as follows: heating, hot water in the winter, and household electricity. For instance, if a building has a condensation boiler (PER of renewable gas: 1.75), the first 20 kWh/(m²a) of PER demand is calculated with the PER factor of 1.10 for biomass. The PER factor of 1.75 for renewable synthetic gas is then applied for subsequent applications. If the PER demand for heating is lower than 20 kWh/(m²a), the rest of the budget is applied to hot water supply, followed by household power demand. If biomass is used to cover this demand, it is only available within this budget. Furthermore, the PER factor of electricity is used for heating purposes because the additional consumption of biomass comes at the expense of other users.+Both within Germany and worldwide, biomass is only available in limited amounts. There is a clear usage hierarchy for biomass: 1) food production, 2) materials, and 3) energy [Krick 2012]. Because biomass can be stored and has a high energy density, it will mainly be needed in mobile applications (transport). Only a small amount will be left over for consumption in buildings. The new PHPP 9 sets the amount of renewable primary energy left over at 20 kWh/(m²a), and the PER factor is set at 1.10 for biomass in general. Because biomass can be used to generate electricity and produce liquids or gases, it can be used in any supply system, so it is credited to all supply variants. And because biomass can be stored, it is perfect for use in the winter. The budget is then prioritized as follows: heating, hot water in the winter, and household electricity.  
 + 
 +For instance, if a building has a condensation boiler (PER of renewable gas: 1.75), the first 20 kWh/(m²a) of PER demand is calculated with the PER factor of 1.10 for biomass. The PER factor of 1.75 for renewable synthetic gas is then applied for subsequent applications. If the PER demand for heating is lower than 20 kWh/(m²a), the rest of the budget is applied to hot water supply, followed by household power demand. If biomass is used to cover this demand, it is only available within this budget. Furthermore, the PER factor of electricity is used for heating purposes because the additional consumption of biomass comes at the expense of other users.
    
 Note that it is more efficient to generate electricity with biomass first and then use a heat pump for heat supply second. If some of the biomass is combusted in a household stove, around 80 percent of the primary energy can be converted into useful heat. If biomass is consumed in a cogeneration unit, around 50 percent of the energy is used to produce electricity and 30 percent to produce useful heat, with only 20 percent losses. A heat pump allows three units of heat to be generated from a single unit of electricity. In this case, 50 percent electricity becomes 150 percent heat in addition to the 30 percent useful heat from the cogeneration unit. As a result, biomass produces 180 percent useful heat in combination with a heat pump instead of 80 percent useful heat from direct combustion. Nonetheless, Passive House buildings can continue to have biomass heating systems; the overall PER demand will simply be relatively high in such cases. Note that it is more efficient to generate electricity with biomass first and then use a heat pump for heat supply second. If some of the biomass is combusted in a household stove, around 80 percent of the primary energy can be converted into useful heat. If biomass is consumed in a cogeneration unit, around 50 percent of the energy is used to produce electricity and 30 percent to produce useful heat, with only 20 percent losses. A heat pump allows three units of heat to be generated from a single unit of electricity. In this case, 50 percent electricity becomes 150 percent heat in addition to the 30 percent useful heat from the cogeneration unit. As a result, biomass produces 180 percent useful heat in combination with a heat pump instead of 80 percent useful heat from direct combustion. Nonetheless, Passive House buildings can continue to have biomass heating systems; the overall PER demand will simply be relatively high in such cases.
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 ===== Single-family Passive House home in Gerstetten, architect: Werner Friedl ===== ===== Single-family Passive House home in Gerstetten, architect: Werner Friedl =====
  
-In the basic variant, a boiler fired with wood pellets is used to heat this single-family home, which also includes an office room. The roof has a 74 m² photovoltaic (PV) array on it (variant 1). At the outset, this building is already very energy-efficient, with annual heating demand of 11 kWh/(m²TFA*a). With an airtightness of 0.14 h-1, it is also very well built. Its PER demand of 60 kWh/(m²TFA*a) means that it just barely fulfills the criteria for Passive House Classic, whereas the 53 kWh/(m²ground*a) of PER generation puts it below the threshold for Passive House Plus (60 kWh/(m²ground*a)).+In the basic variant, a boiler fired with wood pellets is used to heat this single-family home, which also includes an office room. The roof has a 74 m² photovoltaic (PV) array on it (variant 1). At the outset, this building is already very energy-efficient, with an annual heating demand of 11 kWh/(m²TFA*a). With an airtightness of 0.14 h-1, it is also very well built. Its PER demand of 60 kWh/(m²TFA*a) means that it just barely fulfills the criteria for Passive House Classic, whereas the 53 kWh/(m²ground*a) of PER generation puts it below the threshold for Passive House Plus (60 kWh/(m²ground*a)).
  
-If a small solar thermal array for hot water supply with six square meters of collector area is added, PER demand drops to 47 kWh/(m²TFA*a), while energy generation increases to 65 kWh/(m²ground*a) (1a). In terms of energy generation, the level of Passive House Plus is reached, and we are not far away in terms of demand either. In this variant, the building already generates slightly more final energy than it consumes. If the collector area triples to 18 square meters, however, PER demand drops even further to 43 kWh/(m²TFA*a), which fulfills Passive House Plus. However, the effects are minor (especially in light of the high cost of three times more collector area) because the additional energy produced in the summer cannot be completely used; the hot water tank (now 2,000 liters) will be fully loaded (1b).+If a small solar thermal array for hot water supply with six square meters of collector area is added, PER demand drops to 47 kWh/(m²TFA*a), while energy generation increases to 65 kWh/(m²ground*a) (1a). In terms of energy generation, the level of Passive House Plus is reached, and we are not far away in terms of demand either. In this variant, the building already generates slightly more final energy than it consumes. If the collector area triples to 18 square meters, however, PER demand drops even further to 43 kWh/(m²TFA*a), which fulfills Passive House Plus. However, the effects are minor (especially in the light of the high cost of three times more collector area) because the additional energy produced in the summer cannot be completely used; the hot water tank (now 2,000 liters) will be fully loaded (1b).
  
-[{{:picopen:passivhaus-klassen_gerstetten.jpg?800|Figure 2: Gerstetten single-family home: classifications depend on building components used. \\ © Passive House Institute. Photo: Werner Friedl. }}]+[{{:picopen:passivhaus-klassen_gerstetten.jpg?700|Figure 2: Gerstetten single-family home: classifications depend on building components used. \\ © Passive House Institute. Photo: Werner Friedl. }}]
  
 ==== Passive House Plus with a solar thermal array and heat recovery from shower water ==== ==== Passive House Plus with a solar thermal array and heat recovery from shower water ====
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 In the basic variant (variant 1), the day care center (Figure 3) has a gas condensation boiler for both space heating and hot tap water. The facility does not generate any renewable energy. The building has an annual heating energy demand of 15 kWh/(m²a). Renewable primary energy demand comes in at 84 kWh/(m²a); in other words, the upper limit for renewable primary energy of 60 kWh/(m²a) is exceeded. In the basic variant (variant 1), the day care center (Figure 3) has a gas condensation boiler for both space heating and hot tap water. The facility does not generate any renewable energy. The building has an annual heating energy demand of 15 kWh/(m²a). Renewable primary energy demand comes in at 84 kWh/(m²a); in other words, the upper limit for renewable primary energy of 60 kWh/(m²a) is exceeded.
  
-[{{:picopen:passivhaus-klassen_traunstein.jpg?800|Figure 3: The Traunstein day care center: PER classifications depending on building components used.\\ © Passive House Institute. Photo: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin. }}]+[{{:picopen:passivhaus-klassen_traunstein.jpg?700|Figure 3: The Traunstein day care center: PER classifications depending on building components used.\\ © Passive House Institute. Photo: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin. }}]
  
 ==== Central hot water supply systems not a good option when little hot tap water is used ==== ==== Central hot water supply systems not a good option when little hot tap water is used ====
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 ===== Office complex for the Erdinger Moos wastewater association, architects: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin ===== ===== Office complex for the Erdinger Moos wastewater association, architects: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin =====
  
-A cogeneration unit next to the building produces electricity and heat from sewage gas (Figure 4). The heat is exported to a district heat network for use in space heating and hot water. The cogeneration share of heat is estimated at 90 percent. The lines are very short, so losses are low. The sewage gas has PER factor of 1.1, but only within the biomass budget of 20 kWh/(m²a)PER. Within that budget, the PER factor of the district heat is 0.53. Above the budget, the biogas is considered to have a PER of 1.75, and the PER factor for district heat worsens to 0.93. Although the hot water distribution system is relatively inefficient, the initial PER demand is 44.3 kWh/(m²a). With the 247 square meters of PV covering 35 % of the roof, the Passive House Plus level is reached.+A cogeneration unit next to the building produces electricity and heat with gas from the water purification process (Figure 4). The heat is exported to a district heat network for use in space heating and hot water. The cogeneration share of heat is estimated at 94 percent. The lines are very short, so losses are low. The biogas from purification has an PER factor of 1.1, but only within the biomass budget of 20 kWh/(m²a) PER. Within that budget, the PER factor is 0.53, which results in an efficiency factor of the grid of 85% and a cogeneration share of 94% (with 46% electricity and 44% heat). Then, the biogas is considered to have a PER of 1.75, and the factor worsens to 0.93. Although the hot water distribution system is relatively inefficient, the initial PER demand is 44.3 kWh/(m²a). With the 247 square meters of PV covering 35% of the roof, the Passive House Plus level is reached.
  
-[{{:picopen:passivhaus-klassen_erdinger_moos.jpg?800|Figure 4: Erdinger Moos office complex: PER classifications depending on building components used.\\ © Passive House Institute. Photo: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin. }}]+[{{:picopen:passivhaus-klassen_erdinger_moos.jpg?700|Figure 4: Erdinger Moos office complex: PER classifications depending on building components used.\\ © Passive House Institute. Photo: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin. }}]
  
 ==== Passive House Premium with electrical and hot water efficiency ==== ==== Passive House Premium with electrical and hot water efficiency ====
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 [Feist 2014] Feist, Wolfgang: [[basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade|Passive House – the next decade]]. In: Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 18. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2014 in Aachen. PHI Darmstadt 2014 [Feist 2014] Feist, Wolfgang: [[basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade|Passive House – the next decade]]. In: Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 18. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2014 in Aachen. PHI Darmstadt 2014
  
-[Krick 2012] Krick, Benjamin: Zukünftige Bewertung des Energiebedarfes von den Passivhäusern. In: Feist (Hrsg.): Protokollband des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser Nr. 46: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung mit Passivhäusern. PHI Darmstadt 2012+[Krick 2012] Krick, Benjamin: Zukünftige Bewertung des Energiebedarfes von Passivhäusern. In: Feist (Hrsg.): Protokollband des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser Nr. 46: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung mit Passivhäusern. PHI Darmstadt 2012
  
 [Ochs 2013] Ochs, Dermentzis, Feist: Energetic and Economic Optimization of the Renewable Energy Yield of Multi-Storey PHs. In Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 17. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2013 in Frankfurt/Main. PHI Darmstadt 2013 [Ochs 2013] Ochs, Dermentzis, Feist: Energetic and Economic Optimization of the Renewable Energy Yield of Multi-Storey PHs. In Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 17. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2013 in Frankfurt/Main. PHI Darmstadt 2013
  
certification/passive_house_categories/classic-plus-premium.1426605167.txt.gz · Last modified: 2015/03/17 16:12 by bwuensch