basics:the_passive_house_-_historical_review
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revisionLast revisionBoth sides next revision | ||
basics:the_passive_house_-_historical_review [2015/01/15 23:14] – [Super-low-energy houses by Hans Eek] wolfgangfeist@googlemail.com | basics:the_passive_house_-_historical_review [2022/08/27 19:12] – [Perspective] wfeist | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
+ | ====== The Passive House – historical review ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | When was the first Passive House built? | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | ===== Traditional Passive Houses ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | ===== Traditional Passive Houses in Iceland ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | //Timber crisis: In the 17th and 18th Centuries in Europe there was a shortage of wood which was due to extensive deforestation. The solution to this problem | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The Research Ship " | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | "... // The sides of the ship were lined with tarred felt, then came a space with cork padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15 inches. | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Systematic Research: | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | See [[Basics: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Experiences from this project were directly incorporated into Passive House research from the very beginning.\\ | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Working systematically in Germany: Bergmann, Bruno, Hermann, Hörster, Steinmüller, | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Experiences from this project were incorporated into Passive House research from the very beginning. \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Read more: [[Basics: | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Pioneers in North America: William A. Shurcliff and Wayne Shick ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | See [[Basics: | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The Passive House at an altitude of 2164 m: The Rocky Mountains Institute (rmi) by A. and H. Lovins ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | These experiences gave the Passive House research the assurance and confidence that physics works in practice too. A. B. Lovins visited the Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein in 1995. It was he who suggested that the Passive House should be considered not just as a research project, but also as the energy standard of the future. See [[Basics: | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 2011, at the International Passive House conference, this building was awarded the [[: | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The " | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Many members of the Passive House Research Group were involved in this project.\\ | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Significant problems with the earlier houses were: ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The lack of awareness regarding the importance of permanent [[Planning: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The lack of good solutions for [[Planning: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The lack of reliability of the energy efficiency of the technology used. In many projects the effect was that of " | ||
+ | |||
+ | It's also important to mention the developments and experiences of the pioneers in Switzerland (e.g. Conrad U. Brunner, Ruedi Kriesi and Josef Jenni) and in Austria (Helmut Krapmeier, Richard Caldonazzi, Sture Larsen, [[http:// | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Super-low-energy houses by Hans Eek ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Hans Eek was and is a cooperating partner for all stages of the Passive House development.\\ | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== The energy-autarchic solar house in Freiburg ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | During the project construction, | ||
+ | \\ \\ | ||
+ | ===== The Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | In 1990/91, based on plans by Prof. Bott/ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | Most of the components (e.g insulated window frames) were manually-produced unique solutions; the decisive reason for the later production series of these quality building components was their flawless performance. | ||
+ | See [[Basics: | ||
+ | \\ \\ \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Conclusion ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | > As described in [[Basics: | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | In the past, very often these principles were applied before one even became aware of them. Many institutions and persons were involved in the discovery of this principle, and every single one of them contributed an important piece to the puzzle. | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The " | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The most essential point is: To be aware of the performance character of really comfortable and energy efficient buildings. To be able to design such a building, it's important to calculate the performance in advance - prior to construction. The performance includes thermal comfort (during Winter and during Summer), indoor air quality and energy consumption. In our century the tools for a reliable calculation of these performance characteristics are available - this is the key for a good design. And it is the key to passive house construction - because the [[http:// | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | The second reason is the availability of suitable products and reliable data about the performance of these products. Before the passive house development there have been no windows with U-values lower than 0,85 W/(m²K) available on the market - now there is a increasing number of producers with Hundreds of certified windows of such a quality. Before the passive house development there have been no air-to-air heat recovery systems with reliable heat recovery rates higher than 80% available. Now there are also Hundreds of certified products on the market, produced by enterprises in different countries. The information about these products has been published - the performance of such products is at least some factor two better than the performance of former standard systems. That, together with reliable data available from certification of the components, creates the background for a successful design of really energy efficient buildings. | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Perspective ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | It's always interesting looking back. However, the boundary conditions in the past have been completely different - there have been not at all this many people on Earth and the influence of man's action was not nearly as high on nature as it is now. So, looking back might be interesting to get some ideas - but it can never be the all guiding principle ("You can't drive looking only into the back mirror" | ||
+ | |||
+ | The constructive perspective is looking forward: With the scientific knowledge we have now, we could (!) use technology wise and sustainable - which will fit our needs, the needs of say same 9 or 10 Billion humans -, will not require unsustainable resources and will not change the natural energy and material flows too much, not so much, that it will be of any danger. Yes, one also may discuss what is really a " | ||
+ | |||
+ | Although it might sound surprising, this is possible. We can reduce energy consumption by more than a factor of 5 (compared to average per person in the European Union) without reducing comfort and prosperity: see for example the Passive House concept and [[efficiency_now: | ||
+ | |||
+ | If we search back in history, we find some application of this concept - with much less advanced technology which has been available in these earlier times. So, there are traditional passive houses (see the upper part of this article). These have been solutions out of desperate hardship - thus, some of these solutions have been coined with the hardship that created them, so it might even be a danger to refer to these. There are such controversies going on: Some humans fearing a solution which is more efficient and uses less energy, because they fear that this might reduce their prosperity. But these fears are only based on missing information - that is, why the information has to be made available. | ||
+ | |||
+ | So, it's a good idea to look forward and to do research and development for even better solutions. That's what the passive house community is all about. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Literature ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Adamson 1992]** Adamson, B. " | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Carlock 1985]** Carlock, M.: A Solid Stand on Solar Battlements; | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Feist 1989]** Feist, W.: Forschungsprojekt Passive Häuser; Darmstadt 1989. Kommentierte Neuauflage 1995 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Feist 1992]** Feist, W. (Hrsg.): Bauvorbereitendes Forschungsprojekt Passive Häuser; Endbericht, Darmstadt 1992 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Feist, Werner 1993]** Feist, W. und Werner, J.: "Erste Messergebnisse aus dem Passivhaus Darmstadt Kranichstein"; | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Feist, Werner 1994]** Feist, W. und Werner, J.: " | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Feist 1997]** | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Hinz 1994]** Hinz, E. et al: Messdatenerfassung und Auswertung beim ökologischen Nullenergiehaus Dörpe, Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, 1994 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Hörster 1980]** H. Hörster (Hrsg.): Wege zum energiesparenden Wohnhaus; Hamburg, 1980 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Korsgaard et al 1978]** DTH-Nul-Energihus; | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Lovins 1978]** Lovins, A. & H.: Sanfte Energie, Hamburg 1978 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Nansen 1987]** Nansen, Fridtjof: Farthest North, Volumes I and II. London: Archibald Constable & Co., 1897 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Shurcliff 1980]** Super Insulated Houses and Double Envelope Houses, Brick House, Andover, 1st edition 1981 | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[Weizsäcker, | ||
+ | |||
basics/the_passive_house_-_historical_review.txt · Last modified: 2022/08/27 19:13 by wfeist