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 ======Passive House and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Connecting an international building standard with global aims======
-Giorgia Tzar, International Passive House Association\\
+Author: Giorgia Tzar, International Passive House Association
-Rheinstraße 44/46, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
-====The Passive House Standard’s contribution to the SDGs====
-The UN set 17 new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all” [UN, 2020]. Many of these goals are related to the environment – both natural and built. In this time when the action on climate change and social equity needs to be fast and effective, the Passive House Standard provides an essential contribution to meeting many of the challenges SDG implementation faces in the built sector. The most obvious example is related to the eleventh goal, which aims to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”, yet Passive House is applicable to many of the other SDGs too.
-A Passive House building’s role in meeting the SDGs includes providing a cost-effective, resilient, healthy environment for building users; Lowering carbon emissions through high energy efficiency and in many cases, making use of integrated renewable energy sources; Providing jobs across the whole range of building professionals from manufacturing and construction to design and development; Educate professionals and the public on the role of buildings in climate action and achieving better buildings and share this knowledge internationally; And to provide quality-assured buildings using a transparent, performance-based building standard that ensures accountability for meeting our construction and climate goals [Martello, 2018].
-Not every SDG is applicable to Passive House. Those that have a strong link to the Standard have been included in this table, which summarises the ways in which Passive House contributes to these SDGs
+=====1. Introduction=====
-|  **SDG No.**  |  **Health and wellbeing**  |  **Economy and job creation**  |  **Social housing and energy poverty**  |  **Education**  |  **Resilient and innovative buildings**  |  **Sustainable consumption and production**  |  **International cooperation**  |  **Climate change protection and accountability**  |
+In 2015, the UN set 17 new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be reached by 2030. Envisioned as a ‘‘blueprint to achieve a better and a more sustainable future for all’’ [UN 2020] they cover a wide array of fields and topics. The international Passive House Standard plays a direct role in achieving many of these global aims for the built environment. This article outlines the main topical areas where Passive House aligns and contributes to the SDGs.
-|  1  |  X  |  X  |  X  | | | | | |
-|  3  |  X  | | | | | | | |
-|  4  | | | |  X  | | |  X  | |
-|  7  | | |  X  | |  X  |  X  |  X  |  X  |
-|  8  | |  X  | |  X  | |  X  | | |
-|  9  |  X  |  X  | |  X  |  X  |  X  | |  X  |
-|  11  |  X  |  X  |  X  | |  X  |  X  | |  X  |
-|  12  | | | | | |  X  | |  X  |
-|  13  | |  X  | |  X  |  X  | | |  X  |
-|  16  | | | | | | | |  X  |
-|  17  | |  X  |  X  | |  X  | |  X  |  X  |\\
-**Table 1: [UN, 2020]**
-**SDG 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere**\\
+=====2.	The Passive House Standard and its association with the SDGs=====
-**SDG 3, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.**\\
-**SDG 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all**\\
-**SDG 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all**\\
-**SDG 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all**\\
-**SDG Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation**\\
-**SDG 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable**\\
-**SDG 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns**\\
-**SDG 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts**\\
-**SDG 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels**\\
-**SDG 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development**
+Out of all the SDGs set by the UN, only certain topics can be connected to the Passive House Standard.  In order to identify how Passive House contributes to the SDGs, a list of relevant and recurring themes was derived from reviewing the targets and indicators of the individual SDGs, which were then summarized into eight umbrella categories:
+  * Health and well-being: Contributing to health and well-being by providing a cost-efficient, resilient, and healthy environment for building users.
+  * Economic and job creation: Boosting the economy by providing job opportunities across a spectrum of building professionals, ranging from manufacturing and construction to design and development.
+  * Social housing and energy poverty: Helping combat fuel poverty and climate change by lowering heating and cooling energy demand, and thus carbon emissions, through high energy efficiency.
+  * Education: Building capacity and spreading knowledge, both locally and internationally, by educating professionals and the public on the impact of building construction on climate action.
+  * Resilient and innovative buildings: Creating durable buildings, which through energy efficiency, are resilient to fluctuating energy prices and bloated fossil fuel demand, as well as mould and moisture damage.
+  * Sustainable consumption and production: Improving access to affordable clean energy by reducing energy demand and making use of renewable energy resources.
+  * International Cooperation: Promoting climate protection and sustainable construction methods by building a strong international community.
+  * Climate change protection and accountability: Ensuring accountability for meeting our construction thresholds and climate goals by providing quality assured buildings based on a transparent, performance-based building standard.
-====Health and Wellbeing====
+Using these categories, SDGs with relevant targets or indicators were evaluated as being associated with Passive House, while others were considered unrelated with no tangible link of the Passive House Standard meaningfully influencing the particular SDG. As such, 10 applicable SDGs have been carefully selected from the original list of 17. As the UN has subcategorised multiple targets and indicators under each overarching SDG, only SDGs with at least one target which Passive House contributes towards are considered to fit within one or more umbrella categories as listed above.
-Health and wellbeing are major considerations for meeting the Passive House Standard. Passive House homes benefit from high thermal comfort and air quality to aid in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, lowering the risk and rate of respiratory problems [Rosemeier, Brimblecombe, 2017]. They are resistant to mold and moisture build-up, which contributes to their longevity and thus, sustainability [McGuiness, 2016]. Governments can implement the PH Standard into their social housing to reduce energy poverty and illness rates among tenants and contribute to SDGs 1, 9 and 11. Non-residential Passive House buildings such as schools and offices also benefit from a low CO2 concentration owing tothe fresh air supply and no draughts [Semke, 2020]. These health-based benefits also help meet SDG 3 by substantially reducing the number of illnesses caused by air pollution and contamination. The mechanical ventilation required in Passive House Buildings filters incoming air to ensure external pollutants do not affect the fresh, internal air supply.
+|**Table 1: Shows how Passive House aligns with the main topical areas to contribute to select SDGs**|||||||||
+^  **SDG No.**  ^  **SDG Title**  ^  **Health and wellbeing**  ^  **Economy and job creation**  ^  **Social housing and energy poverty**  ^  **Education**  ^  **Resilient and innovative buildings**  ^  **Sustainable consumption and production**  ^  **International cooperation**  ^  **Climate change protection and accountability**  ^
+|  1   |End poverty in all its forms|  X  |  X  |  X  | | | | | |
+|  3   |Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all|  X  | | | | | | | |
+|  4   |Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote learning opportunities for all| | | |  X  | | |  X  | |
+|  7   |Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all| | |  X  | |  X  |  X  |  X  |  X  |
+|  8   |Promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth and productive employment for all| |  X  | |  X  | |  X  | | |
+|  9   |Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation|  X  |  X  | |  X  |  X  |  X  | |  X  |
+|  11  |Make cities and human settlements safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable  X  |  X  |  X  | |  X  |  X  | |  X  |
+|  12  |Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns | | | | |  X  | |  X  |
+|  13  |Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts |  X  | |  X  |  X  | | |  X  |
+|  17  |Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development | |  X  |  X  | |  X  | |  X  |  X  |\\
-====Economy and Job Creation====
-Energy efficiency is a job-creating sector, providing more new jobs than renewables and the fossil fuel industry [McKinsey, 2020]. These jobs cover the whole spectrum of the construction industry, from manufacturing and tradespeople to architects and developers, ensuring that the sector benefits a range of professions and economic groups, helping support SDGs 1, 8, 9 and 17. Given the threat climate change poses to economies the world over, investments in the sector  not only serve to create job and capacity building opportunities, but also combat climate change while building resilient industries and buildings (SDGs 9, 11, 13).
+The Passive House Standard contributes to many of the SDGs in similar ways. Thus, to avoid repetition, each contribution is detailed only once in the following sections in relation to the SDG it most clearly supports.
-====Social Housing and Energy Poverty====
+====2.1	SDG 1 – End poverty in all its forms====
-The extremely low heating and cooling costs in Passive Houses tackle fuel poverty and can play a role in financial security by reducing the auxiliary costs in the home, contributing to SDG 1. Money saved can be spent elsewhere, benefiting the family and the economy. This is closely interlinked with SDG 11 and can meet SDG 7 when renewable energy sources are integrated. Passive House social housing can already be found in countries around the world including Mexico and the UK, highlighting the multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilise and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, as targeted by SDG 17.
+The Passive House Standard contributes to SDG 1 in two main ways:
-====Education====
+Firstly, Passive House makes a notable contribution to social housing and reducing energy poverty. Social housing is a necessary service for communities. By ensuring it is built to the Passive House standard, councils invest in equal access to healthy and comfortable homes for the vulnerable, as well as in climate resilience. The extremely low heating and cooling costs in Passive House buildings also aid in tackling fuel poverty, which the European fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency (EPEE) consortium defines as when a household finds it difficult or impossible to ensure adequate heating in the dwelling at an affordable price. The EPEE study shows that 1 out 7 homes in Europe are at a risk of fuel poverty, clearly indicating that this is a major and widespread problem [EPEE Project, 2009]. By reducing auxiliary costs in the home, the Passive House standard also plays a role in financial security, allowing this money to be saved and put to use on other necessities, benefiting not only the individual family but also the wider economy.
-Passive House is not only effective for building users, who benefit from a better learning environment; it also provides opportunities for further education and best practice implementation worldwide. With course providers the world over, Passive House training is available for architects and engineers, tradespeople and an increasing number of other professionals in the construction chain. This is directly applicable to SDGs 4, 8, 9 and 13, by substantially increasing the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship and ensuring that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development.
+Secondly, Passive House ensures that economic growth is inclusive and provides sustainable jobs by covering the whole spectrum of building professionals including architects, planners, scientists, tradespeople, suppliers, manufacturers, contractors, and, property developers. This is also key to growing the international Passive House community which promotes equal access and further learning opportunities for novices and experts alike.
-====Resilient and Innovative Buildings====
-According to the International Energy Agency, buildings alone make up 36 per cent of global final energy consumption and nearly 40 per cent of total direct and indirect CO2 emissions [IEA, 2020]. The Passive House standard is not only quality assured with no performance gap; it significantly reduces operating costs and emissions and also supports the uptake of renewable energy. As such, Passive House buildings are not only resilient to fluctuating energy prices and bloated fossil fuel demand, they are also constructed to stand the test of time, resistant to mold and moisture damage from a poorly realised project. This makes them an innovative solution to taking urgent action to combat climate change, meet sustainability goals for human settlements and, given the international applicability of Passive House, strengthen global partnerships for sustainable development (SDGs 7, 9, 11, 13 and 17).
+====2.2	SDG 3 – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all====
-====Sustainable Consumption and Production====
+Modern life sees many of us spend much of our day-to-day lives indoors. We work in offices, send our children to learn in schools, and also lead increasingly indoor-focused lives at home. A study conducted by the National Human Activity Pattern Survey concluded that on average, people spend approximately 86.9% of their time indoors [NHAPS 2001]. With lifestyles such as these, it is all the more important that our buildings provide a healthy environment. Two major considerations for meeting the Passive House standard are health and well-being. Building users benefit from high thermal comfort and high air quality.
-Passive House buildings have an extremely low operative energy demand, well complemented by integrated renewable energy sources. Renewable energy also provides more jobs than fossil fuels and with increasing innovation in the industry, peak loading and storage solutions continue to be developed, helping to meet SDGs 7 and 8 to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, while also promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Passive House buildings can be integrated into district heating systems, make use of local and onsite renewable production and even use waste heat from local industry [Peper, Grove-Smith 2013], contributing to SDGs 9, 11 and 12.
+The uninterrupted thermal envelope and mechanical ventilation play a key role in the health of building users. Poor fabric design is one of the leading causes of mould and moisture build-up. By recognising that the thermal envelope around the spaces where we live is necessary to regulate indoor comfort and constructing this in a thermal bridge-free and adequately insulated manner coupled with mechanical ventilation for a consistent fresh air supply, Passive House buildings aid in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. High-quality construction also contributes to their longevity and thus, sustainability [McGuiness 2016]. The mechanical ventilation filters incoming air to ensure external pollutants do not affect the fresh, internal air supply, thus reducing the rate of respiratory issues [Rosemeier/ Brimblecombe 2017].
-====International Cooperation====
-Increasing international interest in the Passive House Standard led the Passive House Institute to found the International Passive House Association (iPHA) in 2010. iPHA is an  international network for Passive House knowledge, which facilitates the dissemination of Passive House knowledge globally. Together with a global network of training centres, building certifiers, research partners and Passive House professionals, the Passive House community is truly international. Together, the network provides access to Passive House education and implementation worldwide [iPHA, 2020], contributing to SDGs 4, 7 and 17.
+Along with implementing the Passive House Standard for the well-being in residential buildings, the standard can also be implemented for non-residential projects. Schools, offices, and other commercial buildings benefit from a lack of draughts and low levels of carbon dioxide owing to the fresh air supply, which has been shown to support students’ concentration in Passive House schools.
-====Climate Change Protection and Accountability====
+Together, these health-based benefits can substantially reduce the rate of illnesses caused by air pollution and contamination and by these means improve the health outcomes of building users.
-The benefits of Passive House and its contribution to meeting the SDGs are numerous, most importantly perhaps is the Standard’s reliability, offering building professionals and owners a quality assured building solution. The Passive House Standard’s grounding in physics, with clear, scientific, performance-based criteria, means it is not only internationally applicable, but also transparent [PHI, 2019]. The Standard is public and available to all, resulting in a proven solution for the private and public sectors. When implemented by municipalities, these beacon projects can serve to inspire better local building practices and guidelines, contributing to the SDGs including 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16 and 17.
+====2.3	SDG 4 – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote learning opportunities for all====
-If both the public and the private sector increase their implementation of the Passive House Standard, the results on a larger scale can lead to a substantial reduction of the total building-related carbon emissions, meet development targets including good health and wellbeing, climate action, affordable and clean energy and responsible consumption and production among others. Particularly now, in a period when policymakers and the private sector are making decisions about the direction their building guidelines and business development will go in, it is important to highlight in what way the Passive House Standard can lead to better health, social, economic and environmental outcomes. As a well-known and widely used tool to explain the direction the UN encourages leadership towards, the SDGs are an ideal backdrop to illustrate where the Passive House Standard fits into global aims.
+Passive House is effective for building users who benefit from a better living, learning, and working environment; and also provides opportunities for further education and best practice implementation worldwide. Passive House training is available for architects, engineers, tradespeople, and a wide range of other professionals in the construction chain. This is because knowledge transfer and training are a fundamental part of the quality assurance process of Passive House. The substantial number of courses and training providers continues to grow, increasing the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship. This in turn ensures that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills required to promote sustainable development.
-[{{ :picopen:sdg_information_01.jpg  |Figure 1: Spotlight on Passivhaus Design - Sustainable Development Goals. [Track 0, 2017]}}]
-====References====
+====2.4	SDG 7 – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all====
-|UN, 2020|**United Nations: About the Sustainable Development Goals**, United Nations website, accessed 22/06/2020, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/|
+Passive House buildings are reliably energy-efficient and benefit from comparatively low fuel costs. By reducing operational energy demand in the building and optionally integrating renewable energy sources, Passive House substantially improves the level of energy efficiency and encourages energy supply from renewable sources. To provide an example for the order of magnitude: A Passive House new build has around 90% reduced heating demand compared with the existing German building stock. This data has been proved through statistically significant empirical studies and has been confirmed in a large number of projects [Passive House Institute 2015].
-|Semke, 2020|Zachary Zemke, **Study: Air Quality in Passive House Schools Supports Learning**, Passive House Accelerator, accessed 09/03/2020, https://passivehouseaccelerator.com/articles/study-air-quality-in-passive-house-schools-supports-learning|
-|McGuiness, 2016|Simon McGuiness, **How to prevent condensation & mould**, Passive House Plus, 19/12/2016, https://passivehouseplus.ie/magazine/help-desk/how-to-prevent-condensation-mould|
-|McKinsey, 2020|McKinsey, **Can a low-carbon recovery agenda create jobs and help the economy?**, McKinsey website, accessed 10/06/2020,  https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/can-a-low-carbon-recovery-agenda-create-jobs-and-help-the-economy|
-|IEA, 2020|International Energy Agency, **Buildings: A source of enormous untapped efficiency potential**, IEA Website, accessed 22/06/2020, https://www.iea.org/topics/buildings|
-|Peper, Grove-Smith|Soeren Peper, Jessica Grove-Smith, **Monitoring of the Passive House indoor swimming pool in Lünen**, Passipedia 2013, https://passipedia.org/examples/non-residential_buildings/passive_house_swimming_pools#heating_and_electricity_consumption|
-|iPHA, 2020|**International Passive House Association**, iPHA website, accessed 22/06/2020, https://www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?page_id=65|
-|PHI, 2019|Passive House Institute, **What is a Passive House?**, Passipedia 2019, https://passipedia.org/basics/what_is_a_passive_house|
-|Rosemeier, Brimblecombe, 2017|Robin Brimblecombe, Kara Rosemeier, **Positive Energy Homes: Creating Passive Houses for Better Living**, 2017|
-|Martello, 2018|Dylan Martello, **The Sustainable Development Goals**, Building Energy NYC, 2018|
-|Track 0, 2017| Track 0, **A compendium of solutions for achieving the sustainable development goals and staying below 2°c or 1.5ºc**, London, 2017|
+Reducing the energy needs to the low levels of a Passive House is a prerequisite for enabling and achieving a sustainable renewable energy supply on a large scale. With the focus on energy efficiency thus directly contributes to reducing reliance on fossil fuels and making sustainable and modern energy a possibility for all. The higher Passive House classes (plus and premium) go the extra mile by calling for varying levels of renewable energy integration into these highly energy-efficient buildings.  This is important in not only increasing the share of clean renewable energy in the energy mix, but also in localising the energy market, often to the extent of having on-site energy generation. In some cases, this means surplus energy can be sold into the grid.
+====2.5 SDG 8 – Promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth and productive employment for all====
+Energy efficiency is a job-creating sector. McKinsey published a study this year showing that as a sector, energy efficiency provides more new jobs than the fossil fuel industry and even the renewable energy sector [McKinsey 2020].
+In the case of construction, a lot of these jobs must be done locally. This helps smaller, local job markets thrive and creates opportunities for small to medium enterprises. A spectrum of jobs ranging from design and energy consultation, to construction and manufacture of components is generated. Today, with the threat climate change poses to economies of the world, investments in this sector not only serve to create and capacity building opportunities but also to combat climate change while building resilient industries and buildings.
+====2.6 SDG 9 – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation====
+According to the International Energy Agency, building construction and operational costs alone makeup 36% of the global final energy consumption and 39% of total direct and indirect CO<sub>2</sub> emissions [IEA 2019].
+The Passive House Standard is not only quality assured with no performance gap, but it also significantly reduces operating costs and emissions and supports the uptake of renewable energy. This makes Passive Houses resilient to fluctuating energy prices and bloated fossil fuel demand. Along with the many strengths of Passive Houses, they also stand the test of time, are resistant to mould and moisture damage.  Due to their high level of insulation and airtight and thermal bridge-free design, draughts, as well as excessive heat losses, are eliminated.
+As an innovation, this standard is not only applicable across all climates, but it is also public; meaning anyone can design and construct a Passive House building. This makes Passive Houses a novel and comprehensive solution to taking urgent action to combat climate change, meet sustainability goals for human settlements, and aids in the innovation of building materials and components to a more cost-effective implementation into a range of climates. Passive House is constantly evolving thanks to its close link between research and practice to develop solutions and push market development. Thus, there are increasingly new and improved components, building typologies and construction materials and methods made available to achieve the Passive House standard.
+====2.7 SDG 11 – Make cities and human settlements safe, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable====
+SDG 11 tackles many of the aforementioned issues, but on a city level. Health and wellbeing, resilient and innovative buildings, sustainable consumption and production, economy and job creation, and climate change protection and accountability all play a role in making cities and human settlements safe, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable. Thus, the aspects of Passive House that contribute to these topics, also contribute to this SDG. Buildings are the fabric of cities and are the key to climate protection in urban environments. By integrating the Passive House Standard into building regulations and guidelines, cities can unlock a more sustainable future for the people.
+====2.8 SDG 12 – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns====
+In many urbanised environments, new builds are not the major topic on the agenda, rather accomplishing a sustainable existing building stock is the major focus. In order to realise sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources in the building sector, a renovation wave will be necessary. However, achieving the classic Passive House Standard in retrofits of existing buildings is not always a realistic goal. This can be due to the orientation the existing building faces, basement walls that create thermal bridges even after refurbishment, and other associated challenges of existing buildings. For these projects, the Passive House Institute developed EnerPHit, the standard for certified highly energy-efficient retrofits, which can reduce heating energy demand significantly, close to the new-build Passive House level. EnerPHit can be achieved as a single deep retrofit or in a step-by-step fashion, exchanging components of the building as they reach the end of their lifecycle for high-quality Passive House ones. This ensures life cycle appropriate consumption patterns and a high-quality retrofit that prevents lock-in effects and thus wasted opportunity and energy. Not only does retrofitting reuse of existing building stock, thus reducing waste generation by preventing the need for new builds – a more sustainable production pattern; but by achieving highly-energy efficient retrofits, Passive House reduces operational energy demand, ensuring sustainable energy consumption.
+====2.9 SDG 13 – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts====
+With the Passive House’s grounding in physics and clear, scientific, performance-based criteria, the impact on energy demand and carbon emissions is substantial and unparalleled. Passive House currently focuses on the operative side of energy footprint and the standard does not prescribe a particular building design, but rather sets a transparent performance criteria based on building physics. Thus it can be concluded that the Passive House Standard is not just for new builds, but can also reduce heating and cooling demand in retrofit projects, a major topic in existing, heavily built-up environments. It is significant to note that while developed urban environments may not achieve the Passive House standard for new builds, the EnerPHit standard for retrofits is available to avoid future so-called “lock-in” effects due to energy-inefficient retrofitting strategies. By taking an ‘if it must be done, it should be done properly’ approach, the EnerPHit standard prevents missed opportunities to combat climate change.
+|**[[https://passivehouse.com/03_certification/02_certification_buildings/08_energy_standards/08_energy_standards.html|Table 2: Passive House criteria, Source: [PHI, 2016]]]**|||||||
+^ ^ ^ ^  **Criteria**  ^^^  **Alternative Criteria**  ^
+|**Heating**|||||||
+| Heating demand|  [kWh/(m<sup>2</sup>a)]  |  ≤  |  15  |||  -  |
+| Heating load|  [W/m<sup>2</sup>]  |  ≤  |  -  |||  10  |
+|**Cooling**|||||||
+| Cooling demand|  [kWh/(m<sup>2</sup>a)]  |  ≤  |  15 + dehumidification contribution  |||  variable limit value  |
+| Cooling load|  [W/m<sup>2</sup>]  |  ≤  |  -  |||  10  |
+|**Airtightness**|||||||
+| Pressurization test result n<sub>50</sub>|  [1/h]  |  ≤  |  0.6  ||| |
+|**Renewable Primary Energy (PER)**|||  Classic  |  Plus  |  Premium  | |
+| Per demand|  [kWh/(m<sup>2</sup>a)]  | ≤ |  60  |  45  |  30  |  ±15 kWh/(m<sup>2</sup>a)deviation from criteria...  |
+|Renewable energy generation\\ (with reference to projected building footprint)|  [kWh/(m<sup>2</sup>a)]  |  ≥  |  -  |  60  |  120  | ...with compensation of the above deviation by different amount of generation  |
+The Passive House standard is not only internationally applicable, but also transparent and replicable. When implemented by municipalities, beacon projects can serve to inspire better local building practices and guidelines and create entirely new high-performance districts, such as the Heidelberg Bahnstadt [PHI 2015]. The city has been able to gain valuable experience from the construction of Passive House buildings including a gymnasium, school, and fire station, and apply this to further development projects, while serving as a role model for other cities to follow worldwide, including Gaobeidian, China.
+Furthermore, the Passive House Standard is public and available to all, resulting in a proven solution for the private and public sectors, with solutions for new builds, retrofits, residential and non-residential buildings.
+Over 25 years, the Passive House Institute and more recently the International Passive House Association have advocated for better building policies and increased uptake of the standard worldwide. By building better and passive, the public and private citizens, businesses, and authorities can be assured that the building is doing its part to combat climate change, just as the results in PHPP illustrate.
+====2.10 SDG 17 – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development====
+The International Passive House Association (iPHA) was founded in 2010 to increase the international knowledge transfer and uptake of the Passive House Standard. iPHA is an international network for Passive House stakeholders, which facilitates the dissemination of Passive House knowledge globally. Together with a global network of architects, planners, suppliers, manufacturers, scientists and research partners, policymakers, property developers, training centres, building certifiers, and Passive House professionals, the Passive House community is truly international. This network provides access to Passive House education and implementation worldwide and with the affiliates, iPHA has improved awareness and policy uptake of the Passive House Standard in municipal codes.
+=====3. Conclusion=====
+If both the public and the private sector increase their implementation of the Passive House Standard, the results on a larger scale can lead to a substantial reduction of the total building-related carbon emissions, meet development targets including health and wellbeing, climate action, affordable and clean energy, and responsible consumption and production among others.
+In a period when policymakers and the private sector are making decisions about the direction their building guidelines and business development will go, it is important to highlight the way the Passive House Standard can lead to better health, social, economic, and environmental outcomes. As a well-known and widely used tool to explain the direction the UN encourages leadership towards, the SDGs are an ideal backdrop to illustrate where the Passive House Standard fits into global aims. It goes without saying that, with these 10, Passive House fits in well.
+[{{ :picopen:sdgsinfographic.jpg?1000direct |**Passive House and Sustainable Development Goals**\\ //Click on the image to download it in high-resolution.//}}]
+=====References=====
+|UN 2020|United Nations: About the Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations website, accessed 22/06/2020, \\ [[https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/]]|
+|EPEE 2009|European fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency (EPEE) Project\\ [[https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/sites/iee-projects/files/projects/documents/epee_european_fuel_poverty_and_energy_efficiency_en.pdf]]|
+|Rosemeier, Brimblecombe, 2017|Robin Brimblecombe, Kara Rosemeier, **Positive Energy Homes: Creating Passive Houses for Better Living**, 2017|
+|McGuiness 2016|Simon McGuiness, How to prevent condensation & mould, Passive House Plus, 19/12/2016, \\ [[https://passivehouseplus.ie/magazine/help-desk/how-to-prevent-condensation-mould]]|
+|Passive House Institute 2015|Passive House Institute, the **Energy efficiency of the Passive House Standard: Expectations confirmed by measurements in practice**\\ [[https://passiv.de/downloads/05_energy_efficiency_of_the_passive_house_standard.pdf]]|
+|McKinsey 2020|McKinsey, **Can a low-carbon recovery agenda create jobs and help the economy?**, McKinsey website, accessed 10/06/2020, [[https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/can-a-low-carbon-recovery-agenda-create-jobs-and-help-the-economy]]|
+|IEA 2019|International Energy Agency, **Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2019** [[https://www.iea.org/reports/global-status-report-for-buildings-and-construction-2019]]|
+|iPHA 2020|**International Passive House Association**, iPHA website, accessed 22/06/2020, [[https://www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?page_id=65]]|
+|PHI 2019|Passive House Institute, **What is a Passive House?**, Passipedia 2019, [[https://passipedia.org/basics/what_is_a_passive_house]]|
+|PHI 2015|Peper, Søren: Bahnstadt Heidelberg, Minimalmonitoring für ausgewählte Gebäudekomplexe (Bahnstadt Heidelberg, Minimal Monitoring in selected building complexes), Interim Report 2014. Commissioned by the City of Heidelberg. Passive House Institute July 2015. This report can be obtained free of charge from the Passive House Institute.|
+|NHAPS 2001|Klepeis, Neil & Nelson, William & Ott, Wayne & Robinson, John. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): **A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants.**|
+|PHI, 2016|Criteria for the Passive House, EnerPHit and PHI Low Energy Building Standard, version 9f, revised 15.08.2016 [[https://passiv.de/downloads/03_building_criteria_en.pdf]]|