basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade:determining_application-specific_per_factors
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basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade:determining_application-specific_per_factors [2014/09/18 18:19] – external edit 127.0.0.1 | basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade:determining_application-specific_per_factors [2024/04/18 22:29] (current) – jgrovesmith | ||
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- | {{: | + | ====== |
- | + | //This article is a chapter of the paper “Passive House - the next decade” by Wolfgang Feist. Click here to the [[basics: | |
- | ====== Determining application-specific PER factors ====== | + | |
+ | \\ | ||
The findings show that the supply structure that needs to be built and its efficiency depend greatly on energy-consuming applications' | The findings show that the supply structure that needs to be built and its efficiency depend greatly on energy-consuming applications' | ||
- | PE<sub>prim</ | + | <WRAP center 60%> |
+ | $$PE_{prim} = E_{dir} + \dfrac{E_{MS}}{\eta_{MS}} + \dfrac{E_{SS}}{\eta_{SS}} + E_{PL} $$ | ||
+ | </WRAP> | ||
+ | \\ | ||
- | whereby | + | Whereby |
- | PER = (E< | + | <WRAP center 60%> |
+ | $$PER = \dfrac{E_{dir} +\dfrac{E_{MS}}{\eta_{MS}} + \dfrac{E_{SS}}{\eta_{SS}} + E_{PL}}{E_{dir} + E_{MS} + E_{SS}} | ||
+ | $$ | ||
+ | </WRAP> | ||
+ | |||
+ | \\ | ||
The results show that while PER factors determined with this equation are relatively stable compared to, say, changes in the primary power mix or the technology mix, they also depend //greatly on the individual energy application// | The results show that while PER factors determined with this equation are relatively stable compared to, say, changes in the primary power mix or the technology mix, they also depend //greatly on the individual energy application// | ||
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Figure 6 shows how the PER factor for domestic power supply depends on the primary power mix used: with 90 percent wind, for example, it comes out to 1.75 kWh< | Figure 6 shows how the PER factor for domestic power supply depends on the primary power mix used: with 90 percent wind, for example, it comes out to 1.75 kWh< | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
- | |{{:picprivate: | + | |{{:picopen: |
|//**Figure 6: \\ Primary renewable energy (primary electricity) required \\ for total domestic power demand from PV, wind, and hydropower (high efficiency).**// | |//**Figure 6: \\ Primary renewable energy (primary electricity) required \\ for total domestic power demand from PV, wind, and hydropower (high efficiency).**// | ||
+ | |||
\\ | \\ | ||
Figure 7 depicts the equivalent area for renewable generators that would be needed to cover total domestic electricity demand. A (very flat) optimum of only about 35 m² can be reached with a solar share of 35 to 75 percent. The actual area for PV (with a share of 55 percent) would come out to 19 m². Such a small area could almost always be located very close to the building in question, often directly on the roof. \\ | Figure 7 depicts the equivalent area for renewable generators that would be needed to cover total domestic electricity demand. A (very flat) optimum of only about 35 m² can be reached with a solar share of 35 to 75 percent. The actual area for PV (with a share of 55 percent) would come out to 19 m². Such a small area could almost always be located very close to the building in question, often directly on the roof. \\ | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
- | |{{:picprivate: | + | |{{:picopen: |
|//**Figure 7: \\ Size of the equivalent PV array (primary electricity) needed to cover total domestic power \\ demand with PV, wind, and hydropower (with buffer storage in the grid and \\ seasonal P2G methane storage) with high efficiency.**// | |//**Figure 7: \\ Size of the equivalent PV array (primary electricity) needed to cover total domestic power \\ demand with PV, wind, and hydropower (with buffer storage in the grid and \\ seasonal P2G methane storage) with high efficiency.**// | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
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Figure 8 shows the PER factors from the simulation relative to the share of PV in the production mix for hot water supply. A quite flat optimum can be seen with a PV share of 55 percent. Because of the locally available storage, this subsystem requires very little power from seasonal storage (only 10 Nm³ of methane). With a small safety margin, the PER< | Figure 8 shows the PER factors from the simulation relative to the share of PV in the production mix for hot water supply. A quite flat optimum can be seen with a PV share of 55 percent. Because of the locally available storage, this subsystem requires very little power from seasonal storage (only 10 Nm³ of methane). With a small safety margin, the PER< | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
- | |{{:picprivate: | + | |{{:picopen: |
|**//Figure 8: Renewable primary energy (primary electricity) needed to cover power demand \\ for hot water with solar, wind, and hydropower (grid buffer storage / seasonal P2G methane \\ storage); hot water heat pump with seasonal performance factor SPF of 2.5.//**|\\ | |**//Figure 8: Renewable primary energy (primary electricity) needed to cover power demand \\ for hot water with solar, wind, and hydropower (grid buffer storage / seasonal P2G methane \\ storage); hot water heat pump with seasonal performance factor SPF of 2.5.//**|\\ | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
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The picture is very different if the building is instead built as a Low Energy House with a heating demand of 56 kWh/(m²a). Electricity demand for running the heat pump then increases to 3,631 kWh, while the PER< | The picture is very different if the building is instead built as a Low Energy House with a heating demand of 56 kWh/(m²a). Electricity demand for running the heat pump then increases to 3,631 kWh, while the PER< | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
- | |{{:picprivate: | + | |{{:picopen: |
|**//Figure 9: \\ Renewable primary energy (primary electricity) needed for heating power demand \\ in a Passive House building, wind power and PV (grid buffer storage / seasonal P2G methane); \\ heat pump with an SPF of 2.53 (German test reference year 12).//**|\\ | |**//Figure 9: \\ Renewable primary energy (primary electricity) needed for heating power demand \\ in a Passive House building, wind power and PV (grid buffer storage / seasonal P2G methane); \\ heat pump with an SPF of 2.53 (German test reference year 12).//**|\\ | ||
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==== Following section ==== | ==== Following section ==== | ||
- | [[basics: | + | [[basics: |
+ | |||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | (read also in {{ : |
basics/passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply/passive_house_the_next_decade/determining_application-specific_per_factors.1411057157.txt.gz · Last modified: 2015/03/27 18:02 (external edit)